The campaign was also focused on installing hashtags, such as #BoliviaLibreyDemocratica, #NoHayGolpeEnBolivia, #EvoEsFraude, and #BoliviaUnida (Organization of American States, 2019). According to Julián Macías Tovar, these accounts were created within a one month time frame, with a peak on 11 November. Although it cannot be confirmed that all these accounts were fake, the researcher Luciano Galup has observed that the username of at least 30,529 of the accounts following Camacho were composed using eight numerical digits, such as alejand00816798 (Gallagher, 2019). Graph 1. New Bolivian Twitter accounts created between October 18 and November 20, 2019 Source: Gallagher, 2019 It is worth noting that, according to The Verge, 4,320 fake accounts were part of a campaign mostly targeted internationally to establish and perpetuate the narrative that a coup d’état had not occurred. The first identified message that would then be replicated in English and Spanish was “Friends from everywhere, in Bolivia there was no coup”. Although it is possible that the original message on Facebook was genuinely written by a student critical of Morales, “the sentiment was co-opted and amplified by what experts say is a network of automated Twitter accounts” (Schiffer, 2019). However, there is no evidence of who was behind these operations. In addition to this, an analysis by DFRLab of Twitter activity during the 2019 crisis found copypasta messages disseminated by at least 1,435 bot accounts that countered the coup narrative. Among these messages, DFRLab identified the above-mentioned “friends from everywhere, in Bolivia there was no coup.”, along with other messages that were almost identical and contained the phrases “I denounce to the world…” and “Evo incumplió El Art. 168 de la CPE” (“Evo violated Article 168 of the Constitution”) (DFRLab, 2019). Some of these messages were posted as images in an attempt to look “as if they were coming from disparate sources” (DFRLab, 2019). 51