Table 2: Observed Strategies, Tools and Techniques of Social Media Manipulation in Argentina Account Types Messaging and Valence Content and Platforms Communication Strategies Automation, Human, Fake and Real Pro-government and proCreation of disinformation, Twitter, Facebook, party, Mass reporting content, WhatsApp, Attacks on opposition, Data-driven strategies, Instagram Trolling, Trolls, Amplification Distracting messages strategies Source: Authors’ evaluations based on data collected. Blank spaces indicate no evidence was found. Organizational Capacity and Resources Legislative changes in 2017 included digital advertising as a form of regulated political advertisements; coincidentally or not, the government reduced its budget on advertising by 7%. The journalist Marco Bonelli estimated the investments at around 200 million pesos (El Pais, 2018). Although there is not much evidence-based information on government or political parties’ cyber troop capacities in Argentina, it is worth noting the existence of volunteer-led manipulation activities. In 2019, Ariel Garbarz and other Peronist, Socialist, Communist and Trotskyist activists coordinated anti-Macrist campaigns on Twitter (Gian, 2020a). On the opposing side, the Macrist volunteer cyber troops organisation Banquemos was founded in 2015 and is led by Ricardo Benedetti, a former public servant. In 2019 it gathered activists from the three political parties of the coalition Juntos por el Cambio. This group coordinated efforts to attack the opposition and call for rallies on Twitter, Facebook, and WhatsApp. They also propagated such narratives as "if the Kirchnerist come back, we'll be Venezuela". There are around fifteen people involved at the national level, but they also have district and city coordinators (Gian, 2020b). Table 3: Cyber Troop Capacity in Argentina Team Size Resources Spent Activity Levels (USD) Coordination Capacity Measure Temporary Decentralised Low Source: Authors’ evaluations based on data collected. Blank spaces indicate no evidence was found. References Alconada Mon, H. (2019a, August). Guerra de trolls: La disputa electoral en las redes sociales. La Nación. https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/guerra-trolls-disputa-electoralredes-sociales-nid2274363 Alconada Mon, H. (2019b, September). «El señor de los trolls»: Así funciona el mundo de las campañas sucias y las bases de datos irregulares. La Nación. https://www.lanacion.com.ar/politica/el-senor-de-los-trolls-asi-funciona-el-mundo-de-lascampanas-sucias-y-las-bases-de-datos-irregulares-nid2286145 Alconada Mon, H. (2019c, September). Gastón Douek: «No me adjudico ninguna fake news; ponemos sobre la mesa hechos reales». La Nación. 12