One of the main occurrences in 2019 was the mass posting of incoherent messages by fake accounts, which made visible the use of bots for amplification. The messages contained the hashtag #YoVotoMM, expressing support for Mauricio Macri, but they shared many common grammatical errors, incoherence, and phrases (Esteban, 2019). Disinformation in Argentina has been reported on many platforms and strategies vary from ‘pro-government’ campaigns to discrediting the opposition. Experts report the use of ‘paraaddressee’ strategies, where disinformation not only attacked a particular party (‘counteraddressees’), but also intended to provide explanatory information to third parties, or ‘paraaddressees’ (Aruguete, 2019). Disinformation peaked in 2018 during the discussion on the legalization of abortion. Argentinian society was strongly polarized between political and civil society groups for and against the legalization of abortion. Fabricated stories reported a legal abortion (abortion was already permitted for pregnancies resulting from rape) where the fetus would have “agonized to death on a hospital tray during 10 hours” (“Falso En Las Redes,” n.d.). Such disinformation led to the verbal and physical harassment of people involved in the case, including journalists and the judge who authorized the victim’s abortion. Strategies also included promoting a sense of national unity and resistance against a common enemy. One fabricated image made up a quote attributed to Winston Churchill: “If Argentina ever got organized it would rise and lead Latin America behind it”. This story sought not only to instill nationalism, but also to stoke pre-existing historical tensions with the United Kingdom (Gardel, 2019). Another distinct trend was the use of references to regional geopolitics in order to address political ideologies. Edited images portrayed former Brazilian president Luis Inacio Lula da Silva watching current president Jair Bolsonaro on TV from a penitentiary (“Falso En Las Redes,” n.d.). Fake accounts of Nicolas Maduro were also created on Instagram and Facebook, with an edited image implying the accounts had been verified. In 2019, the Reverso alliance between fact-checkers, media, and tech companies monitored and fact-checked widely disseminated and/or relevant content in social media and instant messaging apps. The most widespread disinformation on Facebook targeted politicians from the two main coalitions. An old speech of presidential candidate Alberto Fernández was manipulated with the intention to make it seem like he called Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner "thieves". Fake information on how former President Nestor Kirchner died also spread massively. Other high-profile political and governmental figures were also targeted by disinformation campaigns. The first fake content to emerge during the electoral campaign was a manipulated video of Minister of Security Patricia Bullrich looking drunk, while content about a fake mansion supposedly belonging to María Eugenia Vidal, governor of Buenos Aires province, was among the top four most widely disseminated content. On Twitter disinformation about Alberto Fernández, Ofelia Fernández, as well as restrictions on the purchase of currency in other countries in the region were shared most widely. Disinformation shared via WhatsApp focused, among other things, on Macri’s health and changes in the National Law on Education. («Los falsos más virales de la campaña que desmintió Reverso», 2019) 11