Dangerous Speech, Anti-Muslim Violence, and Facebook in Myanmar 25 Lawi Weng, “Prosecution Offers to Drop Charges against Swe Win if He Apologizes to U Wirathu,” The Irrawaddy, February 2018, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/prosecution-offersdrop-charges-swe-win-apologises-u-wirathu.html. 26 Moe Moe, “Parliament Approves Funds for Internet Oversight Body,” The Irrawaddy, 21 March 2018, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/parliament-approves-funds-internet-oversight-body.html. 27 “Myanmar: What Sparked Latest violence in Rakhine?,” BBC, 19 September 2017, https://www. bbc.com/news/world-asia-41082689. 28 “Burma: 40 Rohingya Villages Burned Since October,” Human Rights Watch, 17 December 2017, https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/12/17/burma-40-rohingya-villages-burned-october. 29 Médecins Sans Frontières, “Myanmar/Bangladesh: MSF surveys estimate that at least 6,700 Rohingya were killed during the attacks in Myanmar,” 12 December 2017, http://www.msf.org/en/ article/myanmarbangladesh-msf-surveys-estimate-least-6700-rohingya-were-killed-during-attacks. 30 Richard Paddock, “They Documented a Massacre,” New York Times, 10 April 2018, https://www. nytimes.com/2018/04/10/world/asia/myanmar-reuters-journalists-massacre.html. 31 Author’s communication with Burmese journalists, May 2018. 32 Beech (2017). 33 “Hate Speech,” Facebook Community Standards, https://www.facebook.com/communitystandards#hate-speech. 34 “Objectionable Content,” Facebook Community Standards, https://www.facebook.com/communitystandards/objectionable_content/. 35 Richard Allan, “Hard Questions: Who Should Decide What is Hate Speech in an Online Global Community,” Facebook Newsroom, 27 June 2017, https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2017/06/hard-questions-hate-speech/. 36 Jon Russell, “Myanmar Group Blasts Zuckerberg’s Claim on Facebook Hate Speech Prevention,” TechCrunch, 6 April 2018, https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/06/myanmar-group-blasts-zuckerbergsclaim-on-facebook-hate-speech-prevention/. 37 Betsy Woodruff, “Facebook Silences Rohingya Reports of Ethnic Cleansing,” The Daily Beast, 18 September 2017, https://www.thedailybeast.com/exclusive-rohingya-activists-say-facebook-silencesthem. At times, Facebook temporarily blocked access to Wirathu’s account but only permanently closed his account in early 2018. 38 Jon Russell, “Facebook is Again Criticized for Failing to Prevent Religious Conflict in Myanmar,” TechCrunch, 10 April 2018, https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/10/facebook-is-again-criticized-for-failingto-prevent-religious-conflict-in-myanmar/. 39 Paul Mozur, “Groups in Myanmar Fire Back at Zuckerberg,” New York Times, 5 April 2017, https:// www.nytimes.com/2018/04/05/technology/zuckerberg-facebook-myanmar.html. 40 “Facebook blacklists Myanmar hardline Buddhist group,” AFP, 7 June 2018, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/facebook-blacklists-myanmar-hardline-buddhist-group. 41 Babak Bahador, “The Media and the Deconstruction of the Enemy Image,” 122–124. 42 Author’s communication, 21 March 2018. journal of international affairs | 51