• Al Qasamy, M. 2021. ‫ةفئازلا رابخألاو تامزألا مالعإ‬ ‫برغملاب‬: ‫( ًاجذومن انوروك ةحئاج‬Crisis media and fake news in Morocco: The Covid-19 pandemic as a model.) Arab Journal for Media and Child Culture 4 (15): 19–34. https://doi.org/10.21608/ jacc.2021.168532. • Alrai. 2021. ‫ندرألا ةسائرب ةيبرع ةنجل ليكشت‬ ‫مالعإلل يجيتارتساو يميظنت راطإ عضول‬ ‫( ينورتكلالا‬Formation of an Arab committee headed by Jordan to develop a regulatory and strategic framework for electronic media.) June 18, 2021. Accessed November 22, 2021. https:// bit.ly/3jsKfjN. • Alsadiq, A. 2021. ‫يف ةينورتكلإلا تاصنملا رود‬ ‫انوروك ةحئاج ءانثأ تاعئاشلا ةحفاكم‬. ‫ةلاح ةسارد‬ ‫ةيدوعسلا ةيبرعلا ةكلمملاب تاعاشإلا ةحفاكم ةئيهل‬. (The role of online platforms in combating rumors during the coronavirus pandemic.) Case study, Anti-Rumors Authority in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Media Research Journal 3 (57): 1286–1326. 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Accessed November 11, 2021. https://euromedmonitor. org/en/article/4050/Sudan:-Amendments-toCombatting-Cybercrimes-Law-make-authoritiesloose-to-stifle-opinion. • Freedom House. 2020. “Tunisia.” Accessed November 21, 2021. https://freedomhouse.org/ country/tunisia/freedom-world/2020. • Government of the UAE. 2012. “Federal Decree-Law No. (5) of 2012 on Combating Cybercrimes.” Accessed November 21, 2021. http://ejustice.gov.ae/downloads/latest_laws/ cybercrimes_5_2012_en.pdf. • Gray, V. 2021. “Digital Trends in the Arab States Region in 2021.” In Proceedings of the Conference on “Regional Preparatory Meeting for WTDC-21 for Arab States (RPM-ARB), April 7–8, 2021: 2–42. Accessed November 21, 2021. https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-d/md/18/ rpmarb/c/D18-RPMARB-C-0002!!MSW-E. docx#:~:text=The%20Arab%20States%20 region%20sits,using%20the%20Internet%20 in%202019. Middle East and North Africa – 74

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