Phil Robertson, “Myanmar Again Cuts Rakhine State’s Internet,” Human Rights Watch, February 5, 2020,
https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/02/05/myanmar-again-cuts-rakhine-states-internet.
56
“Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar Interactive Dialogue with the Human Rights Council,” United Nations Human
Rights – Office of the High Commissioner, March 10, 2020,
https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25698&LangID=E&fbclid=IwAR1CW1QsIzDLmbnOxnAR7cYqCsJxHby
IZ9gmYTFEdbVNPyoVY319BjnpQSY and “Civil society marks 1-year of world’s longest internet shutdown,” Free Expression Myanmar, June 21,
2020, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/civil-society-marks-1-year-of-worlds-longest-internet-shutdown/.
57
See for example the discussion on Free Expression Myanmar, @FreeExpressionMyanmar, March 4, 2020,
https://www.facebook.com/FreeExpressionMyanmar/posts/2737993642980874; The cost after six months was predicted at $75m: Samuel Woodhams
and Simon Migliano, “The Global Cost of Internet Shutdowns in 2019,” Top 10 VPN, January 7, 2020, https://www.top10vpn.com/cost-of-internetshutdowns/.
58
Myat Thura, “Govt defends internet shutdown in Rakhine,” Myanmar Times, February 24, 2020, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/govt-defendsinternet-shutdown-rakhine.html; “Internet ban will be lifted if peace and stability is restored: Deputy Minister,” Eleven Media Group, February 9,
2020, https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/internet-ban-will-be-lifted-if-peace-and-stability-is-restored-deputy-minister.
59
Andrew Nachemson and Lun Min Mang, “Fighting in Rakhine, Chin states rages as Myanmar limits internet,” Al Jazeera, March 5, 2020,
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/fighting-rakhine-chin-states-rages-myanmar-limits-internet-200304033937563.html.
60
Thomas Kean, “Myanmar’s broadband price war,” Frontier Myanmar, April 23, 2018, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/myanmars-broadband-pricewar.
61
Dylan Bushell-Embling, “Myanmar to use Intelsat 39 satellite,” Telecomasia.net, June 4, 2018, https://www.telecomasia.net/content/myanmar-useintelsat-39-satellite.
62
Khine Kyaw, “Myanmar to accelerate 5G development despite risks,” Eleven Media Group, December 19, 2018,
https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/myanmar-to-accelerate-5g-development-despite-risks.
63
“Campana Announces Commercial Availability of International Gateway Services via its Trans-ASEAN Network,” EIN Presswire, December 14,
2017, https://www.einpresswire.com/article/421197787/campana-announces-commercial-availability-of-international-gateway-services-via-its-transasean-network.
64
Thomas Kean, “Myanmar’s broadband price war,” Frontier Myanmar, April 23, 2018, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/myanmars-broadband-pricewar; Paul Mah, “Campana Group, Telin Singapore to connect Singapore and Myanmar,” Data Center Dynamics, September 24, 2018,
https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/news/campana-group-telin-singapore-enhance-connectivity-between-singapore-and-myanmar/.
65
“Myanmar to launch satellite in 2019,” Myanmar Times, October 23, 2017, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-launch-satellite-2019.html.
66
“MCRB provides initial comments to government on the draft cybersecurity framework, and discusses cybersecurity with MPs,” Myanmar Centre
for Responsible Business, February 4, 2019, https://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/draft-cybersecurity-framework.html; Htoo Thant,
“Japan helps Myanmar to enact cybersecurity law,” Myanmar Times, January 15, 2019, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/japan-helps-myanmarenact-cybersecurity-law.html.
67
An online campaign was started to monitor and track the shutdown, see Facebook account: အင်တာနက်ြဖတ်ေတာက်မ/ ရပ်,
55
@StopInternetShutDownMM, https://www.facebook.com/StopInternetShutDownMM/; “Myanmar: Internet Shutdown Risks Lives,” Human Rights
Watch, June 28, 2019, https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/06/28/myanmar-internet-shutdown-risks-lives; Thompson Chau, “Protesters demand end to
internet blackout in Rakhine,” Myanmar Times, December 25, 2019, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/protesters-demand-end-internet-blackoutrakhine.html
68
Phil Robertson, “Myanmar Again Cuts Rakhine State’s Internet,” Human Rights Watch, February 5, 2020,
https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/02/05/myanmar-again-cuts-rakhine-states-internet.
69
“Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar Interactive Dialogue with the Human Rights Council,” United Nations Human
Rights – Office of the High Commissioner, March 10, 2020,
https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=25698&LangID=E&fbclid=IwAR1CW1QsIzDLmbnOxnAR7cYqCsJxHby
IZ9gmYTFEdbVNPyoVY319BjnpQSY and “Civil society marks 1-year of world’s longest internet shutdown,” Free Expression Myanmar, June 21,
2020, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/civil-society-marks-1-year-of-worlds-longest-internet-shutdown/.
70
See for example the discussion on Free Expression Myanmar, @FreeExpressionMyanmar, March 4, 2020,
https://www.facebook.com/FreeExpressionMyanmar/posts/2737993642980874; The cost after six months was predicted at $75m: Samuel Woodhams
and Simon Migliano, “The Global Cost of Internet Shutdowns in 2019,” Top 10 VPN, January 7, 2020, https://www.top10vpn.com/cost-of-internetshutdowns/.
71
Myat Thura, “Govt defends internet shutdown in Rakhine,” Myanmar Times, February 24, 2020, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/govt-defendsinternet-shutdown-rakhine.html; “Internet ban will be lifted if peace and stability is restored: Deputy Minister,” Eleven Media Group, February 9,
2020, https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/internet-ban-will-be-lifted-if-peace-and-stability-is-restored-deputy-minister.
72
Andrew Nachemson and Lun Min Mang, “Fighting in Rakhine, Chin states rages as Myanmar limits internet,” Al Jazeera, March 5, 2020,
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/03/fighting-rakhine-chin-states-rages-myanmar-limits-internet-200304033937563.html.
73
Thomas Kean, “Myanmar’s broadband price war,” Frontier Myanmar, April 23, 2018, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/myanmars-broadband-pricewar.
74
Dylan Bushell-Embling, “Myanmar to use Intelsat 39 satellite,” Telecomasia.net, June 4, 2018, https://www.telecomasia.net/content/myanmar-useintelsat-39-satellite.
75
Khine Kyaw, “Myanmar to accelerate 5G development despite risks,” Eleven Media Group, December 19, 2018,
https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/myanmar-to-accelerate-5g-development-despite-risks.
76
“Campana Announces Commercial Availability of International Gateway Services via its Trans-ASEAN Network,” EIN Presswire, December 14,
2017, https://www.einpresswire.com/article/421197787/campana-announces-commercial-availability-of-international-gateway-services-via-its-transasean-network.
77
Thomas Kean, “Myanmar’s broadband price war,” Frontier Myanmar, April 23, 2018, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/myanmars-broadband-pricewar; Paul Mah, “Campana Group, Telin Singapore to connect Singapore and Myanmar,” Data Center Dynamics, September 24, 2018,
https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/news/campana-group-telin-singapore-enhance-connectivity-between-singapore-and-myanmar/.
78
“Myanmar to launch satellite in 2019,” Myanmar Times, October 23, 2017, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-launch-satellite-2019.html.
79
“MCRB provides initial comments to government on the draft cybersecurity framework, and discusses cybersecurity with MPs,” Myanmar Centre
for Responsible Business, February 4, 2019, https://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/draft-cybersecurity-framework.html; Htoo Thant,
“Japan helps Myanmar to enact cybersecurity law,” Myanmar Times, January 15, 2019, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/japan-helps-myanmarenact-cybersecurity-law.html.
80
Thomas Kean, “Myanmar’s broadband price war,” Frontier Myanmar, April 23, 2018, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/myanmars-broadband-pricewar.
81
Ankit Sawhney and Charu Paliwal, “Intelligence Brief: Where does Myanmar stand today?,” GSM Association via Mobile World Live, December 4,
2019, https://www.mobileworldlive.com/blog/intelligence-brief-where-does-myanmar-stand-today/; Mytel has announced its intention to invest
Free Expression Myanmar (FEM) and Freedom House - Freedom of the Net: Myanmar - အင်တာနက်ေပ*တွင် လွတ်လပ်မ/ - ြမန်မာ2ိ4င်ငံ - Page 47