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3218 Ronan Lee International Journal of Communication 13(2019) Gravers, M. (2015). Anti-Muslim Buddhist nationalism in Burma and Sri Lanka: Religious violence and globalized imaginaries of endangered identities. Journal of Contemporary Buddhism, 16(1), 1–27. Green, P., MacManus, T., & de la Cour Venning, A. (2015). Countdown to annihilation: Genocide in Myanmar. London, UK: International State Crime Initiative. Haque, M. (2017). Rohingya ethnic Muslim minority and the 1982 citizenship law in Burma. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 37(4), 454–469. Hatmaker, T. (2018, April 10). In Senate hearing, Zuckerberg faces blame over violence in Myanmar. Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/theswitch/wp/2018/04/10/transcript-of-mark-zuckerbergs-senatehearing/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.f38b17e8fe2b Hodal, K. (2013, April 18). Buddhist monk uses racism and rumours to spread hated in Burma. Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/18/buddhist-monk-spreads-hatredburma Hoffstaedter, G. (2015, May 13). Pushed offshore, the “boat people” crisis demands regional response. The Conversation. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/pushed-offshore-the-boat-people-crisisdemands-regional-response-41672 Hogan, L. (2018, April 6). Myanmar groups criticise Zuckerberg’s response to hate speech on Facebook. Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/apr/06/myanmarfacebook-criticise-mark-zuckerberg-response-hate-speech-spread Hogan, L., & Safi, M. (2018, April 3). Revealed: Facebook hate speech exploded in Myanmar during Rohingya crisis. Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/03/revealedfacebook-hate-speech-exploded-in-myanmar-during-rohingya-crisis Holland, H. (2014, June 14). Facebook in Myanmar: Amplifying hate speech? Al Jazeera. Retrieved from http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2014/06/facebook-myanmarrohingya-amplifying-hatespeech-2014612112834290144.html Holliday, I. (2013). Myanmar in 2012 toward a normal state. Asian Survey, 53(1), 93‒100. HRW (Human Rights Watch). (2012). The government could have stopped this. Retrieved from http://www.hrw.org/reports/2012/07/31/government-could-have-stopped HRW (Human Rights Watch). (2013). “All you can do is pray”: Crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing of Rohingya Muslims in Burma’s Arakan State. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/report/2013/ 04/22/all-you-can-do-pray/crimes-against-humanity-and-ethnic-cleansing-rohingya-muslims

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Extreme Speech in Myanmar: The Role of State Media in the Rohingya Forced Migration Crisis

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English

Topic

Hate Speech
Rohingya Crisis

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Ronan Lee

Date Published: Jul 24, 2018

Abstract: This article considers the role of the state authorities in perpetrating extreme speech and the processes by which state power is used in normalizing hateful expressions against minoritized communities. Drawing attention to Myanmar’s 2017 Rohingya crisis, a human rights and humanitarian catastrophe, the article examines how the state media publication, the Global New Light of Myanmar newspaper, has actively produced antiRohingya speech in its editions and influenced violent narratives about the Rohingya Muslims circulating on social media. It shows how official media contributed to a political environment where anti-Rohingya speech was made acceptable and where rights abuses against the group were excused. While regulators often consider the role of social media platforms like Facebook as conduits for the spread of extreme speech, this case study shows that extreme speech by state actors using state media ought to be similarly considered a major concern for scholarship and policy.

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Extreme Speech in Myanmar: The Role of State Media in the Rohingya Forced Migration Crisis

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