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3216 Ronan Lee International Journal of Communication 13(2019) Arnold, K. (2017, November 8). Traffickers prey on lost Rohingya children in Bangladesh camps. Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-bangladesh-rohingya-childrentraffick/traffickers-prey-on-lost-rohingya-children-in-bangladesh-camps-idUSKBN1D8015 Article 19. (2015). “Hate speech” explained: A toolkit. Retrieved from https://www.article19.org/data/files/medialibrary/38231/Hate_speech_report-ID-files--final.pdf Aung Kyaw Nyunt. (2016, July 19). Ministry puts mobile penetration at 90 percent. Myanmar Times. Retrieved from https://www.mmtimes.com/business/technology/21466-ministry-puts-mobilepenetration-at-90-percent.html Aye Chan. (2005). The development of a Muslim enclave in Arakan (Rakhine) state of Burma (Myanmar). SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research, 3(2), 396–420. Barron, L. (2018a, February 28). Nationalist monk known as the “Burmese bin Laden” has been stopped from spreading hate on Facebook. TIME. Retrieved from http://time.com/5178790/facebookremoves-wirathu/ Barron, L. (2018b, August 16). Facebook is failing to control hate speech against the Rohingya in Myanmar, report finds. TIME. Retrieved from http://time.com/5368709/facebook-hate-speech-myanmarreport-rohingya/ Beech, H. (2013, July 1). When Buddhists go bad. Time, 181(1), 14–21. Berlie, J. (2008). Burma: The Burmanization of Myanmar’s Muslims. Bangkok: White Lotus Press. Brown, A. (2017). What is so special about online (as compared to offline) hate speech? Ethnicities, 18(3), 297–326. Brown, I. (2013). Burma’s economy in the twentieth century. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Burrington, I. (2017, December 20). Could Facebook be tried for human-rights abuses? The Atlantic. Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/12/could-facebook-be-triedfor-war-crimes/548639/ Caster, M. (2015, August 26). The truth about Myanmar’s new discriminatory laws. Diplomat. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2015/08/the-truth-about-myanmars-new-discriminatory-laws/ Charney, M. (2009). A history of modern Burma. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Chronology of the press in Burma. (2004, May 1). Irrawaddy. Retrieved from http://www2.irrawaddy.com/article.php?art_id=3533&page=7

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Extreme Speech in Myanmar: The Role of State Media in the Rohingya Forced Migration Crisis

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English

Topic

Hate Speech
Rohingya Crisis

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Ronan Lee

Date Published: Jul 24, 2018

Abstract: This article considers the role of the state authorities in perpetrating extreme speech and the processes by which state power is used in normalizing hateful expressions against minoritized communities. Drawing attention to Myanmar’s 2017 Rohingya crisis, a human rights and humanitarian catastrophe, the article examines how the state media publication, the Global New Light of Myanmar newspaper, has actively produced antiRohingya speech in its editions and influenced violent narratives about the Rohingya Muslims circulating on social media. It shows how official media contributed to a political environment where anti-Rohingya speech was made acceptable and where rights abuses against the group were excused. While regulators often consider the role of social media platforms like Facebook as conduits for the spread of extreme speech, this case study shows that extreme speech by state actors using state media ought to be similarly considered a major concern for scholarship and policy.

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Extreme Speech in Myanmar: The Role of State Media in the Rohingya Forced Migration Crisis

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