A5: ဆက်သယ ွ ေ ် ရး ၀န်ေဆာင်မ,ေပး ကFမiဏီများY4င ့် ဒစ်ဂျစ်တယ် နည်းပညာကိF ကွပ်ကေ ဲ သာ Yိင F င ် ေ ံ တာ် စည်းမျgးစည်းကမ်း ၀ မ4တ ် \ကီးDကပ် မ, အဖွဲUများသည် လွတလ ် ပ် ၍ တရားမmတnပီ း အမ4ီအခိFကင်းေသာ ပံFစြံ ဖင့် လFပ်ငန်းေဆာင်ရွက်ရန် ပျက်ကက ွ ပ ် ါသလား။ (၀-၄ မ4တ)် A5: Do national regulatory bodies that oversee service providers and digital technology fail to operate in a free, fair, and independent manner? (0–4 points) Myanmar’s regulatory bodies have been under the authority of the military since the February 2021 coup. The MoTC’s Posts and Telecommunications Department (PTD) is responsible for regulating the telecommunications sector. As a ministerial department, the PTD has no legal or practical safeguards for its regulatory and operational independence, leaving it completely open to political interference.74 The military has controlled the PTD’s regulation of telecommunications companies and licensing since seizing power.75 PTD decisions during the coverage period demonstrated a lack of independence and transparency. For instance, the PTD did not pursue regulatory enforcement measures against Mytel, which ignored the PTD’s orders on shutdowns, blocking, competition, and gambling76—including the Facebook ban77—in an apparent attempt to increase its subscriber base after the consumer boycott (see A4). The PTD’s interference in 0 Telenor’s request to sell also showed bias in favor of the military’s interests (see A4).78 The PTD has repeatedly and publicly threatened its own staff for participating in anticoup protests and strikes.79 Article 86 of the 2013 Telecommunications Law outlines the responsibilities of a Myanmar Communications Regulatory Commission (MCRC), which has not been established.80 Even though the mandate for the MCRC’s composition does not sufficiently safeguard its independence, the Telecommunications Law calls for the MCRC to take over regulatory functions from the PTD. The MCRC would also operate a mechanism to adjudicate any administrative disputes in the telecommunications sector.81 Many analysts suggested that the NLD government failed to establish the MCRC because it was unwilling to relinquish the more direct control it had over the telecommunications sector through the PTD.82 ် ပ်မ/ - ြမန်မာ2ိင 4 င ် ံ Free Expression Myanmar (FEM) and Freedom House - Freedom of the Net: Myanmar - အင်တာနက်ေပ*တွင် လွတလ