242 “Anti-Hate Speech draft law submitted to Myanmar parliament,” Coconuts Yangon, September 28, 2017, https://coconuts.co/yangon/news/anti-hate-speech-draft-law-submitted-parliament/. 243 “Hate speech Directive threatens free expression in election countdown,” Free Expression Myanmar, April 22, 2020, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/hate-speech-directive-threatens-free-expression-in-election-countdown/. 244 “505A Act of Revenge: Review of Myanmar Coup Speech ‘Crimes,’” Free Expression Myanmar, January 31, 2022, https://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/505a-act-of-revenge-1.pdf 245 Shawn W. Crispin, “Bitter reversal: Myanmar military coup wipes out press freedom gains,” Committee to Protect Journalists, July 28, 2021, https://cpj.org/reports/2021/07/bitter-reversal-myanmar-journalists-jailed-imprisoned-military-crackdown/ 246 “IN NUMBERS: Arrests of Journalists and Media Staff in Myanmar,” Reporting Asean, accessed September 2, 2022, https://www.reportingasean.net/in-numbers-arrests-of-myanmar-journalists/ 247 “IN NUMBERS: Arrests of Journalists and Media Staff in Myanmar,” Reporting Asean, accessed September 2, 2022, https://www.reportingasean.net/in-numbers-arrests-of-myanmar-journalists/ 248 0 တင်းေထာက် ကိေ 0 ဇာ်ေဇာ် အာဏာဖီဆန်ေအာင်လပ 0 ် မန , ဲ တရားစွ ခ ဲ ရ ံ ,” RFA Burmese, June 10, 2022, ့ See, e.g, “ဓာတ်ပံသ ် န်းသတင်းေထာက်တဦး ခရီးသွားရင်း ဘားအံမာ5 https://www.facebook.com/39218993127/posts/10161878929563128/; “အလွတတ ဖမ်းဆီးခံထားရ,” Voice of Myanmar, May 11, 2022, https://www.facebook.com/123271498274532/posts/1061522404449432/. 249 “IN NUMBERS: Arrests of Journalists and Media Staff in Myanmar,” Reporting Asean, accessed September 2, 2022, https://www.reportingasean.net/in-numbers-arrests-of-myanmar-journalists/ 250 “Daily Briefing in Relation to the Military Coup,” Assistance Association for Political Prisoners,“ January 24, 2022, https://aappb.org/?p=19824. 251 “Myanmar reporter arrested in Yangon after four months in hiding,” Reporters Without Borders, September 7, 2021, https://rsf.org/en/news/myanmar-reporter-arrested-yangon-after-four-months-hiding 252 Nway Nway Eain, “ Junta forces in Yangon detain and interrogate journalist’s 7-year-old daughter,” Myanmar Now, November 24, 2021, https://www.myanmar-now.org/en/news/junta-forces-in-yangon-detain-and-interrogate-journalists-7-year-old-daughter 253 “Myanmar junta arrests 88 Generation leader Ko Jimmy,” Myanmar Now, October 24, 2021, https://www.myanmarnow.org/en/news/myanmar-junta-arrests-88-generation-leader-ko-jimmy; Grace Tsoi and Burmese service, “Myanmar's executed activists: Phyo Zeya Thaw and Ko Jimmy,” BBC, July 25, 2022, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-62091643. 254 “What’s happening in Myanmar,” Assistance Association for Political Prisoners, https://coup.aappb.org 255 “505A Act of Revenge: Review of Myanmar Coup Speech ‘Crimes,’” Free Expression Myanmar, January 31, 2022, https://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/505a-act-of-revenge-1.pdf 256 “Myanmar targets celebrities, hands charges for promoting protests,” Daily Sabah, April 5, 2021, https://www.dailysabah.com/world/asia-pacific/myanmar-targets-celebrities-hands-charges-for-promoting-protests; Peter Guest, “’They want us to disappear,’” Rest of World, May 11, 2021, https://restofworld.org/2021/they-want-us-to-disappear/ 257 “How Does A Travel Blogger Become A Wanted Person By Myanmar Military ?,” Stories for Humanity MM, April 16, 2021, https://storiesforhumanitymm.medium.com/how-does-a-travel-blogger-become-a-wanted-person-by-myanmar-military-e47a9a072d8f 258 “Pyay Ti Oo, Eaindra Kyaw Zin, Paing Takhon arrive back home,” Eleven Myanmar, March 2, 2022, https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/pyay-ti-oo-eaindra-kyaw-zin-paing-takhon-arrive-back-home. 259 “Arrests Bring Total Detained Over Myanmar’s ‘Silent Strike’ to More Than 200,” VOA, February 12, 2022, https://www.voanews.com/a/arrests-bring-total-detained-over-myanmar-s-silent-strike-to-over-200/6438891.html 260 Andrew Nachemson, “‘Watermelon suppression’: doxing campaign targets pro-democracy soldiers and police,” Frontier Myanmar, March 14, 2022, https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/watermelon-suppression-doxing-campaign-targets-pro-democracy-soldiers-andpolice/ 261 "Myanmar citizens oppose military takeover on social media,” Nikkei Asia, February 4, 2022, https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Myanmar-Crisis/Myanmar-citizens-oppose-military-takeover-on-social-media 262 “Myanmar Junta Seizes Anti-Regime Celebrity and Journalist Homes,” the Irrawaddy, February 16, 2022, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-junta-seizes-anti-regime-celebrity-and-journalist-homes.html 263 The Group’s editor in chief was already in hiding after being prosecuted under the Unlawful Associations Act for previous coverage. “Myanmar military sues Rakhine media over theft allegations,” The Irrawaddy, January 25, 2021, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-military-sues-rakhine-media-theft-allegations.html 264 “Myanmar: Arrest for Alleging Voter Intimidation,” Human Rights Watch, December 9, 2020, https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/12/09/myanmar-arrest-alleging-voter-intimidation 265 Ibid. 266 “Myanmar: More ‘outrageous’ convictions for satire performers,” Amnesty International, February 17, 2020, https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/02/myanmar-more-outrageous-convictions-for-satire-performers/. 267 “Junta issues daily directives to further block internet access, telecoms providers say,” Myanmar Now, March 20, 2021, https://www.myanmar-now.org/en/news/junta-issues-daily-directives-to-further-block-internet-access-telecoms-providers-say; “Myanmar Junta Blocks Facebook, VPNs as The UN Security Council Voices ‘Deep Concern’,” Radio Free Asia, February 2, 2021, https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/facebook-blocked-02042021140109.html. 268 OONI, “Myanmar: Data on internet blocks and internet outages following military coup,” https://ooni.org/post/2021-myanmar-internetblocks-and-outages/ 269 "Myanmar citizens oppose military takeover on social media,” Nikkei Asia, February 4, 2022, https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Myanmar-Crisis/Myanmar-citizens-oppose-military-takeover-on-social-media 270 “Myanmar junta using draft law to conduct searches for VPNs,” RFA, January 16, 2022, https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/bill-01262022183617.html; “Military’s cyber security bill worse than their previous draft,” Free Expression Myanmar, January 27, 2022, https://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/militarys-cyber-security-bill-worse-than-their-previous-draft/ 271 Asia Internet Coalition et al, “Joint Statement on the "Cyber Security Law" Draft, January 2022,” January 28, 2022, https://eurochammyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Joint-Statement-Foreign-Chambers_January-2022_CYBER-LAW_final.pdf 272 Discussions with digital rights defenders, March 16, 2022. 273 Aung Kyaw Nyunt, “SIM card registration to be enforced in 2017,” Myanmar Times, August 3, 2016, http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/business/technology/21728-sim-card-registration-to-be-enforced-in-2017.html. 274 Personal discussions with subscribers subscribing to at least two providers (April 10, 2020). 275 Saw Yi Nandar, “Telcos say data helps police solve cases of missing persons,” Myanmar Times, February 4, 2020, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/telcos-say-data-helps-police-solve-cases-missing-persons.html. 276 Saw Yi Nandar, “Govt blocks 6.55 million SIM cards,” Myanmar Times, February 7, 2020, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/govtblocks-655-million-sim-cards.html. 277 “Deactivating SIM cards during Covid-19 violates rights — Covid 19,” Free Expression Myanmar, April 29, 2020, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/deactivating-sim-cards-during-covid-19-violates-rights-covid-19/. ် ပ်မ/ - ြမန်မာ2ိင 4 င ် ံ Free Expression Myanmar (FEM) and Freedom House - Freedom of the Net: Myanmar - အင်တာနက်ေပ*တွင် လွတလ