The papers in the volume examined the phenomenon of fake news and its use and abuse by
governments, private entities and social media during general elections, the work of media
literacy programme and fact-checking projects and the role of disinformation in religious or
ethnic conflicts in the above-mentioned countries. All papers have been subjected to review
administered by the Editors. The Editors have taken all reasonable steps to ensure the
adequate feedback was given to authors to improve the quality of their papers. Following
which the papers are published as received. The authors are responsible for the accuracy of
facts, quotations, data, statements and the English language quality of their work. The papers
are organised in the order in which they appeared in the Conference Programme.
The Conference on Fake News and Elections was the first in the series of Asia Centre’s
project entitled ‘Freedom of Expression in Asia.’ The project aims at assessing the legal
restrictions on freedom of expression in Southeast Asia and the wider region. From 2019 to
2022, the project examines developments related to disinformation, fake news, hate speech
and propaganda, and the challenges these phenomena pose to academia, civil society,
independent media, INGOs and the UN agencies in the region and beyond. A conference on
Hate Speech in Asia will be the second conference on 8-10 July 2020, the third will focus on
Authoritarian Disinformation and Propaganda in Asia on 14-16 July 2021. The project will
culminate with a final conference on Freedom of Expression in Asia on 13-15 July 2022.
EDITORS
James Gomez, Ph.D.
Robin Ramcharan, Ph.D.
Regional Director, Asia Centre
Executive Director, Asia Centre