METHODOLOGY In the context of DigitalReach, digital rights are human rights involving the use of technology. The report is based on the scope of the organization’s work, exploring how technology affects human rights from the perspective of civil and political rights. This report summarizes the development of digital rights in Southeast Asia from January to December 2025. It covers the digital rights situation in eight Southeast Asian countries: Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam, which are DigitalReach’s target countries. The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of digital rights developments in 2025. These developments help deepen understanding of both the local context in each country and the broader regional context, based on the trends and issues they share. The report also serves as a foundational source of information to support the design and implementation of initiatives that are responsive to these contexts. The report has been reformatted from its previous 2023 version. The format of this 2025 report is based on DigitalReach’s revised organizational strategies. Under these new strategies, the organization’s work is divided into three main areas: Control of Information, Platform Accountability, and Digital Security. ISSUES Controls of Information DEFINITIONS State control of information through approaches including, but not limited to, internet restrictions, censorship, and deployment of a state-affiliated cyber army. Platform Accountability Accountability of social media platforms according to human rights principles—for example, respecting freedom of expression by not censoring content at the regime’s request and making efforts to ensure that their platforms do not fuel disinformation and propaganda through their policies and design choices. Digital Security Ability of political dissidents to stay safe in the digital sphere. This includes their online communications, data, and identities being safeguarded from surveillance, interception, manipulation, or retaliation by hostile actors, particularly authoritarian governments. 5