memory and processing power, causing the system to become slow or completely inaccessible. A fake Wi-Fi access point—often called an “evil twin”—is a fraudulent network that imitates a legitimate one to trick users into connecting. Once connected, the attacker can intercept and monitor the user’s online activity, potentially stealing sensitive information such as passwords and personal data. The documents also reveal that the military knows how to use a social listening tool to analyze topics of interest. Based on information in the documents, the tool is intended to help them plan their operations, as it shows which topics are trending and the social media sentiment toward those topics. C. Implications of the Situations on Human Rights and Democracy The most concerning digital rights challenge in Thailand is the growing sophistication of state-affiliated information operations (IO), which now involve coordinated agendas across different military and police units. Leaked documents have raised further concerns that these cyber armies are equipped with social listening tools to analyze online sentiment, are learning to generate AI-driven content, and are expanding other surveillance methods targeting individuals and groups. State-affiliated cyber armies are harmful to human rights and democracy because they seek to manipulate public opinion for political purposes by silencing critical voices and flooding social media platforms with disinformation and propaganda. When these operations are state-affiliated, taxpayers’ money is often used to fund activities that reflect the political interests of those directing them. The erosion of democracy can be severe if these operations succeed, leading to self-censorship among critics and widespread public acceptance of disinformation and propaganda spread by these cyber armies. The Administrative Court’s October 2025 ruling on the lawsuit filed by three activists against the Royal Thai Army and its affiliates—seeking a court order to end the operations— was a setback for democracy, as the court dismissed the case. It also shows how difficult it is for citizens to obtain justice for state wrongdoing. However, there are some positive developments. The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) investigation and the Administrative Court’s October 2025 ruling, which confirmed the authenticity of documents on IO operations, are important steps forward, as the military had never previously acknowleged the existence of such operations. Still, this does not mean that these operations will cease. Instead, the leaked documents highlight the need to push for the criminalization of such actions, and underline the importance of digital security and digital literacy for dissidents in Thailand. 92