of the 1st Regional Army Area, the Commander of the 1st Division (Royal Guard), the Head of Military Intelligence, the Director of the Army Cyber Center, and the commander responsible for suppressing technology-related crimes from the Royal Thai Police. At the staff level, the document specifies that the group is composed of personnel from the Royal Guard Headquarters, the Royal Guard Special Operations Unit 904, the Royal Thai Army, and the Royal Thai Police. The opposition People’s Party’s parliamentary debate indicates that, even though the government has transitioned to a civilian administration under Paetongtarn Shinawatra of the Pheu Thai Party, the IO operations have continued and become even more centralized. According to the documents presented in March 2025, Paetongtarn herself was also a target of the IO operations, with accounts allegedly involved in the campaign criticizing her handling of the border conflict between Thailand and Cambodia, her qualifications to be prime minister, and even her fashion sense. Her father, former prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra, was also identified as a target in the leaked document due to a lèse-majesté case against him arising from a 2015 media interview. This suggests that Paetongtarn’s civilian government might not have full authority over the military. The struggle between the civilian government and the military is also reflected in the leaked phone call between Paetongtarn and Hun Sen, which led to her removal from office. Based on information in the leaked documents, iLaw, a human rights NGO in Thailand, further investigated posts targeted by IO and found evidence of coordinated activity432. The accounts involved appeared to use the same images and text in posts across different targeted pages433. These posts were often published at around the same time and date, and the accounts also shared many of the same “friends” on their social media profiles434. Chayaphon’s parliamentary debate was not the first time the operations had been raised in parliament; it was first exposed in 2020. However, the military has never acknowledged the operations, despite reports from social media companies, including Meta (then Facebook)435 and X (then Twitter), that they removed accounts believed to be associated with the Royal Thai Army in 2021 due to coordinated inauthentic behavior436. “IO – Part One: Four Convincing Reasons the Accounts in the ’68 Debate Documents Are Indeed Military IO” iLaw, 24 Aug. 2025, www.ilaw.or.th/articles/54102. 433. Ibid. 434. Ibid. 435. “February 2021 Coordinated Inauthentic Behavior Report.” Facebook, Feb. 2021, about.fb.com/wp-content/ uploads/2021/03/February-2021-CIB-Report.pdf. 436. Tostevin, Matthew, and Patpicha Tanakasempipat. “Exclusive: Twitter Suspends Thai Royalist Account Linked to Influence Campaign.” Reuters, 30 Nov. 2020, www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/twittersuspends-thai-royalist-account-linked-influence-campaign-2020-11-30. 432. 88