Exploring the Nexus between Technologies and Human Rights 14 The sessions lasted an average of three hours, with the time length varying based on the number of participants. The questions can be divided into two main sections: digital rights (definition and digital rights issues in the region/country), and the digital rights movement (areas of work, challenges, strategies, and recommendations). In the first section, because of the broad nature of the questions, discussions were structured using a workshop style letting the participants express their opinions on post-it notes, clustering the post-its according to theme, and finally using them as discussion points. The second section was conducted in the style of a conventional FGD. What is Digital Rights? Digital Rights in the Literature What is “digital rights”? While “digital rights” has been used in the context of digital rights management, i.e., in managing intellectual property of digital content (e.g., Van Tassel, 2016), this is not what this paper is interested in. Instead, we are looking at digital rights in the context of rights advocacy in the digital era. While the term has been used in academic papers and in practice, the definition of the concept is elusive, as this review has only been able to find one comprehensive definition of digital rights. In a paper that details a process of mapping the legal landscape for human rights online, Dheere provides a working definition of digital rights, with the goal of establishing a reference point of whether a law can be considered to affect digital rights or not: “Digital rights” describe human rights – established by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UN resolutions, international conventions, regional charters, domestic law, and human rights case law – as they are invoked in digitally networked spaces. Those spaces may be physically constructed, as in the creation of infrastructure, protocols and devices. Or they may be virtually constructed, as in the creation of online identities and communities and other forms of expression, as well as the agency exercised over that expression, for example, management of personally identifiable data, pseudonymity, anonymity and encryption. Such spaces include but are not necessarily limited to the internet and mobile networks and related devices and practices. (2017, p.12) Dheere emphasises that this definition is a work in progress, and no other definition has been found so far. This should not be an indication of the lack of interest in the term or that it is seldom used – indeed, digital rights has been used widely as a term for advocacy, but rarely defined by the actors who use it, as observed by Dheere. It has been argued that digital rights has not emerged as an academic field of its own, because most academic writing on it is not anchored in strong theoretical frameworks, but drawn mainly from empirical observations: on the opportunities and threats to established human rights standards brought about by ICT, on case studies of digital activism, and on norm-setting for human rights protections in the online space (Joergensen & Marzouki, 2015, cf. Dheere, 2017).