Exploring the Nexus between Technologies and Human Rights 20 Table 5: Four Spheres of Digital Rights Paradigm Digital Paradigms Developmental Paradigms Data-centred rights Access to the digital Description of sphere Rights of Digital data individuals in that represents digital spaces / on physical entities the Internet Access to digital spaces and meaningful participation Digital and Internet governance Examples of rights ¨ Rights to freedom of expression, association and assembly online ¨ Right to consumer protection ¨ Right to seek joy and pleasure ¨ Right to exist free from violence, hateful speech, and harassment ¨ Right to not be discriminated ¨ Right to have informed consent on participation ¨ Right to access state and other services online ¨ Right to access the Internet ¨ Right to access information and content ¨ Right to access hardware/ software ¨ Right to participate in digital governance processes or be consulted on Internet policy issues Sphere Conventional rights in digital spaces ¨ Right to data privacy ¨ Right to freedom from digital surveillance ¨ Right to data ownership and control ¨ Right to data security and protection Governance of the digital Conventional Rights in Digital Spaces It has been repeatedly mentioned, both on the ground and in academic works, that the UN Human Rights Council states that, “the same rights that people have offline must also be protected online” (Kumar et al., 2017). From the FGDs, it is clear that this forms much of the thinking of Southeast Asian advocates when they consider digital rights.