Argentina Introduction According to Freedom House, Argentina has a good Internet freedom ranking when compared to other Latin American nations, with a score of 85 (Freedom House, 2020). Nonetheless, the country has reported organized social media attacks against at least 51 journalists in 2018 and 132 in 2017 (Shahbaz & Funk, 2019) – particularly targeting those who reported against the government (for example, outing corruption scandals), and who have been besieged with aggressive tweets (Shahbaz, 2018). Another report, issued by Reporters Without Borders (Reporters Without Borders, 2020), points to a significant drop in Argentina’s press-freedom ranking from 52 to 57. As a result of the increasing use of manipulation techniques online in political campaigns, in late 2018 Argentina's Electoral Council announced measures to tackle this phenomena in subsequent general elections. Measures included the auditing of digital electoral campaigns, including online manipulation techniques, and the publication of the official websites and social media accounts of candidates (El Pais, 2019; Shahbaz & Funk, 2019) Additionally, these measures included requirements on political parties and digital agencies to adhere to an ethical digital commitment and mitigate negative effects of manipulation techniques online (Cámara Nacional Electoral, 2019; Shahbaz & Funk, 2019). An Overview of Cyber Troop Activity in Argentina. Organizational Form A UK Parliament report has found that Cambridge Analytica had a local partnership with the SCL group, and that it participated in an information campaign against Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. Alexander Nix, former Cambridge Analytica CEO, confirmed this involvement during a hearing at the UK Parliament (House of Commons: Digital, Culture, Media and & Sport Committee, 2019). Although that campaign was favorable to Mauricio Macri’s candidacy and success during elections, Cambiemos has denied its involvement with Cambridge Analytica. There is also evidence of social media experts and agencies working for political campaigns and using manipulation techniques. Gastón Douek, known locally as "the Lord of the Trolls", was responsible for the political campaigns of Martín Lousteau, Sergio Massa, Juan Schiaretti, Gabriela Michetti, and Omar Perotti (Alconada Mon, 2019b). Not only did he admit to having used automated and human trolls in Argentina, but also being involved in Mexican political campaigns in 2012 (Alconada Mon, 2019c). He worked for the intelligence service of Ecuador, negotiated with Cambridge Analytica (Alconada Mon, 2019b), and most recently was involved in trolling activities against players of the Barcelona Football Club («El señor de los trolls»: Un argentino, implicado en el escándalo que hace temblar a Barcelona, 2020). Local newspaper La Nación identified other agencies engaged in the use of manipulation techniques online, such as Publiquest, Nicestream, Influencia2, and Becom1 (Alconada Mon, 2019b). Additionally, during Macri’s administration the opposition presented an 80-page report which claimed that Cambiemos financed an organized structure that harassed political opponents, disseminated disinformation, using both bots and human fake accounts (LPO, 2018). Although the report identified the paid public servants that were part of this group, Cambiemos denied its existence. 9