as the primary motive; and political and state actors who spread disinformation via public and commercial media outlets to mobilize support for their political agendas. Anonymous websites account for two thirds of disinformation monitored by Zašto Ne?, spawned by an industrious ecosystem of content production and dissemination on social media. The authors state, “The congruence of media disinformation and specific political interests raises concerns over targeted disinformation campaigns in the online sphere, some related to foreign actors and sources” (Cvjetićanin et al., 2019). Table 1: Organizational Form and Prevalence of Social Media Manipulation in Bosnia and Herzegovina Initial Government Politicians Private Civil Society Citizens & Report Agencies & Parties Contractors Organizations Influencers National News x x Agencies Source: Authors’ evaluations based on data collected. Blank spaces indicate no evidence was found. Strategies, Tools, and Techniques According to the Zašto Ne? researchers, more than 60% of online disinformation in BiH is political in nature, focussing on the US administration and the EU, whose ‘value system’ is often portrayed as undesirable for local cultures. Clickbait, fake news, disinformation, and conspiracy theories are the most common forms of biased reports. Most activities seem focused on sharing and further disseminating fake news (Cvjetićanin et al., 2019). Sputnik Srbija has been particularly active in sharing narratives attacking the West, particularly the EU, since 2015 over six hundred articles have been shared, ranging from stories on the EU failing during the refugee crisis to driving divisions between Balkan countries by depicting the Western Balkans as a “battlefield” of the EU (EU vs Disinfo, 2020). Analyses reported on by Zašto Ne? researchers also show that Sputnik Srbija tends to have a positive bias towards the Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (SNSD), a Serbian nationalist and extremist party involved in governing both entities of BiH (Cvjetićanin et al., 2019). A majority of the targets of biased reporting in BiH are political parties, politicians, and institutions. Moreover, about 60% of them are local. For the most part it appears that political actors affiliated with the SNSD are presented in a positive light, while those in opposition with SNSD are portrayed negatively (Cvjetićanin et al., 2019). Much of the activity within the country seems comparably rudimentary, with disinformation being shared through news outlets while there is no evidence of more sophisticated automated or data-driven strategies, though no evidence does not mean such activities are not happening. Table 2: Observed Strategies, Tools and Techniques of Social Media Manipulation in Bosnia and Herzegovina Account Types Messaging and Valence Content and Platforms Communication Strategies Human Support Disinformation Attack Opposition Amplifying Content Driving Divisions Source: Authors’ evaluations based on data collected. Blank spaces indicate no evidence was found. 56