2019). Through Facebook and Instagram account takedowns, we can ascertain that accounts attributed to Iran have targeted: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Bangladesh, Bahrain, Bolivia, Bosnia, Brazil, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Germany, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Libya, Mauritania, Mexico, Morocco, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palestine, Peru, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Syria, Tanzania, Tunisia, United Kingdom, United States, Venezuela, Yemen and Zimbabwe. It can also be calculated that cumulatively, networks attributed to Iran have spent US$58,702 on ads, and that 1,509 Facebook accounts, 884 Facebook pages, 82 Facebook groups and 386 Instagram accounts originating from Iran have been suspended. Twitter has suspended 8,166 accounts that it has linked to Iran. (These figures were calculated from the account suspensions detailed below.) Table 3: Cyber Troop Capacity in Iran Team Size Resources Spent Activity Levels (USD) US$58,702 High Coordination Capacity Measure High Source: Authors’ evaluations based on data collected. Blank spaces indicate no evidence was found. A summary of publicly disclosed takedowns of Iran-linked accounts: • In October 2018, Facebook shut down thirty Facebook pages, thirty-three Instagram accounts and three Facebook groups, that were followed by around one million users in the US and UK and attributed to Iranian actors (Facebook, 2018b). • In January 2019, Facebook removed 783 pages, groups, and accounts. Around two million accounts followed at least one of the pages, and $30,000 was spent on Facebook and Instagram ads. The activity targeted countries across the Middle East, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Central America (Gleicher, 2019a). • In January 2019, building on the takedowns in August 2018, Twitter suspended a further 2,617 accounts (Roth, 2019a). • In March 2019, Facebook removed 513 pages, groups, and accounts for coordinated inauthentic behaviour operating in Egypt, India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, and across the Middle East and North Africa. Around 1.4 million accounts followed one or more of these pages, and US$15,000 was spent on advertisements (Facebook, 2019a). • In May 2019, Facebook removed fifty-one accounts, thirty-six pages, seven groups and three Instagram accounts involved in coordinated inauthentic behaviour (Facebook, 2019b). • In May 2019, FireEye uncovered a network of fake American personas on accounts made between April 2018 and March 2019, which it suspects is organized in support of Iranian political interests. These accounts impersonated individuals, including Republican political candidates, to disseminate favourable messaging towards Iran (Revelli & Foster, 2019). • In June 2019, Twitter removed nearly 4,800 accounts with ties to the Iranian government. These accounts shared global news content in line with the geostrategic views of Iran, engaged in discussions related to Israel, and targeted political and social conversations in Iran and globally (Roth, 2019b). 200