Greece Introduction Computational propaganda and information manipulation online have swiftly moved into Greek public life in the past few years. Given the politically and financially unstable situation of the country in the recent past, fake news and online conspiracy theories have found fertile ground in Greece and further complicated the country’s situation. About 71% of Greek internet users now use social media as their main source for news (MANDRAVELIS, 2020; ΓΕΩΡΓΑΚΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ, 2019). The independent watchdog organisation Freedom House (2020) reports that Greece’s parliamentary democracy is characterised by vigorous competition between political parties with generally free and independent media coverage. Nevertheless, lately there have been several political controversies in Greece based on fake news. This development is becoming increasingly expensive (literally, but also in terms of political and societal costs). Some experts even claim that social media and fake news are so influential in Greece that they are starting to distort democracy (Konstantopoulou, 2018; News IT, 2019). A recent survey, however, showed that about 80% of Greeks are aware they should not believe everything they read online (MANDRAVELIS, 2020), while more than half of Greek respondents in a Eurobarometer survey reported coming across fake news daily (Net Politics, 2019). In July 2019, the country held a legislative election which incumbent prime minister Alexis Tsipras from the leftist SYRIZA party lost to Kyriakos Mitsotakis from the centre-right liberal conservative party New Democracy (BBC News, 2019). The recent COVID-19 pandemic has been affecting Greece as well, albeit to a lesser degree than some other countries. The government was swift to order a lockdown, and for the most part citizens did their part to ensure the situation did not get out of hand. Many sought to share their support online, through hashtags such as #menoumespiti (#westayathome) and by organising help for those in need via online platforms such as Facebook (ARTE & Balkan Insight, 2020; Malichudis, 2020). However, as schools started to open for the new academic year, a surge of conspiracies, many of which question whether the virus is real, have led to public unrest as the government is scrambling to curb the spread of hoaxes through, for example, Facebook groups (The National Herald, 2020a, 2020b). Additionally, with a large population of refugees provided for in camps, the situation remains tense, especially after Turkey declared the border to Greece open in an attempt to allow refugees to cross into EU territory. The dispute between the two countries is still on-going and has led to a surge in conspiratorial content (Menke & Neufeld, 2020). An Overview of Cyber Troop Activity in Greece Organizational Form When Tsipras took office, he vowed to support modern and independent news, but instead old media oligarchs remained in place and new “Tsipras-era” ones are establishing themselves and continue to control the main media outlets. In 2016 the government held auctions for television licenses, which were officially overseen by the independent National Council for Radio and Television, however, critics have accused the government of using the procedure to alter the media landscape in their favour (ΓΕΩΡΓΑΚΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ, 2019). Additionally, while some European countries (e.g. Germany and France) passed domestic laws against fake news (which are not without controversy), Greece is keeping with EU coordinated measures such as National Election Networks to support the national election processes across the EU (Karaoulanis, 2019). Thus far, the new government has not passed any impactful legislation in relation to fake news or disinformation campaigns. 158