Organizational Capacity and Resources During the 2018 election campaigns, Bolsonaro spent at least twelve million reais (around US$3 million) on a contract with the company Havan to send massive messages via WhatsApp (Campos Mello, 2018). According to Campos Mello (2018), sending out WhatsApp messages cost from 0.08 to 0.12 reais for using databases owned by the campaigning party and up to 0.40 reais for databases that belong to an advertising company. The WhatsApp groups that were coordinated by Flávio and Eduardo Bolsonaro were organized in a pyramid-like structure. Some members had specific roles, such as admin, moderator, and distributor (Nemer, 2020) and received between R$400 and R$1000 per week (Nemer, 2019). Although there is evidence of their continued operations, there is no further evidence yet on a rewards scheme. Finally, it has been suggested that Bolsonaro’s administration has deployed an office dedicated to spreading disinformation and promoting hate campaigns (Caccia Bava, 2020). The Gabinete do Ódio is said to have a coordinated structure inside the Planalto Palace. According to deputy Joice Hasselmann, for every campaign set to amplify Bolsonaro’s messages, the Office spends around 20,000 reais ($4,800) of public cash (Mari, 2019). The use of state sponsored resources and organization to finance, direct, and deploy these operations has the potential to greatly increase their effect on political discourse and societal polarization, as demonstrated in the review above. Table 3: Cyber Troop Capacity in Brazil Team Size Resources Spent (USD) Activity Levels Coordination Bolsonaro’s 2018 election campaign: Permanent and Temporary Somewhat Centralised Capacity Measure Medium Bulk messaging on WhatsApp: US$ 3 million contract WhatsApp groups: distributors: ~R$ 400/week admins: ~R$ 600/week content creators: up to R$1,000/week Source: Authors’ evaluations based on data collected. Blank spaces indicate no evidence was found. References Arnaudo, D. (2017). Computational Propaganda in Brazil: Social Bots During Elections. Computational Propaganda Project Working Paper Series, 2017(8). http://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/2017/06/19/computational-propaganda-in-brazil-social-botsduring-elections/ Bruna Martins dos Santos, & Joana Varon. (2018). Data and Politics—Brazilian Country Report. Coding Rights. https://ourdataourselves.tacticaltech.org/media/ttc-data-andpolitics-brazil.pdf Caccia Bava, S. (2020, April 29). As milícias digitais do capitão—Le Monde Diplomatique. Le Monde Diplomatique. https://diplomatique.org.br/as-milicias-digitais-do-capitao/ 63