Thailand financially sponsored by the Internal Security Operations Command (ISOC), after official documents surfaced about the website’s funding327, 328. Pulony has been posting extremely partisan content since the website was set up in 2011. Many posts are about the ongoing insurgency in Thailand’s three southernmost provinces of Yala, Pattani, and Narathiwat. It also contained a post dated October 10, 2020, claiming that the Open Society Foundations, an international philanthropic organization founded by George Soros, has been trying to intervene the country’s internal affairs by supporting non-governmental organizations such as Prachatai, iLaw, Cross Cultural Foundation (CrCF), and Thai Netizen Network. The same blog post accused these NGOs of undermining the government by raising human rights, environment, and development issues. CrCF was particularly attacked for its work to address the insurgency in the Deep South, and for criticizing the military while helping insurgent groups instead of the victims of the conflict. Pulony’s contents has been the source of many Facebook pages that encourage negative sentiments toward these NGOs, their staff, and supporters. 327 328 329 330 331 A later IO exposé revealed that two applications, Twitter Broadcast and Free Messenger, were used by a single account to simultaneously spread messages across different social media platforms with an aim to influence public opinion329. The MFP claimed that it found at least 54,800 Twitter accounts that are part of the operation, linked to 19 military agencies330. In October 2020, Twitter, which was later renamed as X, announced that it “uncovered a network of accounts partaking in information operations that we can reliably link to the Royal Thai Army (RTA)”. The accounts, Twitter said, were engaging in amplifying pro-RTA and pro-government content, as well as engaging in behavior targeting prominent political opposition figures”331. Twitter’s actions were based on a report of the Stanford Internet Observatory which detailed that 926 accounts were created between December 2019 and January 2020, and that the most of the problematic tweets were sent from February 2020, during the month that the Future Forward Party was dissolved by a court. However, the report said that the impact of the network is generally low to convince people with information they created. They found that 684 accounts had no followers and concluded that the “Review Wiroj’s PPT Slides: Which Pages and Accounts Are Targeted by IO.” Prachatai, 3 Mar. 2020, prachatai.com/journal/2020/03/86617. “Wiroj Shows Budget Proposal Documents for IO.” Matichon, 26 Feb. 2020, www.matichon.co.th/politics/ news_2005000. “Move Forward Party Revealed Evidence About the State-Sponsored IO in the Parliament.” Prachatai, 20 Feb. 2021, prachatai.com/journal/2021/02/91768. Ibid. “Disclosing Networks to Our State-linked Information Operations Archive.” Twitter, 8 Oct. 2020, blog.twitter. com/en_us/topics/company/2020/disclosing-removed-networks-to-our-archive-of-state-linked-information. 91