before the coup and has never been adequately addressed. The most infamous Telegram and
Facebook channels to promote social punishment are run by Han Nyein Oo. This is one of the
main sources for celebrity gossip and 'yellow journalism', which reappears every three to four
days despite being repeatedly taken down.
Amidst a nationwide conflict, the leaking of sexually explicit images or videos, real or fake, has
become a political weapon employed by both the military junta and its opponents. Hundreds
of women, from young pro-democracy activists to relatives of security officers, have been
targeted by such abuse. This reflects a universal trend, as Danielle Keats Citron explains in her
book “Hate Crimes in Cyberspace”: “Persistent online attacks disproportionately target women
and frequently include detailed fantasies of rape as well as reputation-ruining lies and sexually
explicit photographs. And if dealing with a single attacker’s ‘revenge porn’ were not enough,
harassing posts that make their way onto social media sites often feed on one another, turning
lone instigators into cyber-mobs.” Citron also explains: “Cyber-harassment is a matter of civil
rights law, and legal precedents as well as social norms of decency and civility must be
leveraged to stop it.” In Myanmar, however, organizations that could offer at least some advice
and support to the victims are now unable to function, and people are very reluctant to act
because the authorities are entirely unpredictable.
Since September, informants in Yangon stopped paying their electricity bills as an act of
resistance. In turn, the authorities intermittently turned off the whole network in some
neighborhoods, cut the wires or confiscated satellite dishes. Smartphones and computers
have become more expensive due to international trade route disruption and inflation. The
rate of the MMK against the dollar shot up exponentially with the currency losing 60% of its
value in the course of the month of September. Any basic smartphone now costs more than
1,000,000 MMK.
Since the military council couldn't afford the Internet shutdown, they moved to make it more
expensive for civilians. This was also a way to tackle the widely popular Click2Donate campaign,
which raised money for pro-democracy groups by simply installing an application and then
asking people to share, search, shop or participate online. Revenues from advertisements are
automatically derived and transferred to a specific fund to support the NUG or PDFs.
On December 7th, the Ministry of Transport and Communications, under the military council,
ordered telecommunications companies to restrict internet speed and raise prices. As
businesses’ profits stumbled in Myanmar and investments slowed to a standstill, people feared
the return of telecommunication darkness. An informant from southern Rakhine state
explained: “I haven’t been at school for one year and a half because of Covid-19 and then the
coup. The only thing that kept me going and gave me a perspective for the future was my
online English lessons. Now I can’t even afford to buy the 1 GB of data I need to attend the
course on Zoom, as it went from 1,000 to 3,000 MMK from one day to another. The cheapest I
found is 2,850 MMK from the military-owned network MPT, which I would never use”.
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