Additionally, drug traffickers, cybercriminals, and white supremacists use Telegram channels to spread toxic rhetoric, and Hamas broadcast its October 7, 2023, attack on Israel through Telegram. As a result, Telegram channels have become a hub for criminal and extremist activities. In Myanmar, pro-military Telegram channels are primary platforms for incitements to violence and even calls for killings, leading to real-world violence and clearly implicating these channels in responsibility for these violence acts. Pro-military Telegram channels also frequently share posts across channels and encourage followers to subscribe to others, demonstrating interconnection and collaborative operation. - 24 -