of Rail Transport and Ministry of Transport to create a new Ministry of Transport and Communications. 34 Other state institutions tasked with information and communications technology (ICT) development and management have been largely inactive. 35 The Myanmar Computer Federation, formed under the 1996 Computer Science Development Law and comprised of industry professionals, is the designated focal point for coordination with the ITU. Clause 86 of the 2013 Telecommunication Law established an independent commission to take over regulatory functions and an appeal tribunal mechanism to adjudicate over administrative issues in the telecommunications industry. These are still being implemented, though the MCIT has since released regulations on license provision, networking and linking, and frequency spectrum, among other issues, including a draft by-law to regulate international gateway services in January 2017, developed in consultation with the World Bank. B. Limits on Content During the coverage period, both military and self-styled pro-democracy activists actively pressured online media practitioners and outlets they perceived as critical, keeping levels of self-censorship high. Tactics included reporting rival Facebook users for violating the site’s community standards—resulting in their accounts being temporarily disabled—and manipulative political commentary. While digital content was not subject to censorship, sensitive political and social topics were nevertheless underrepresented online. Blocking and Filtering The government lifted systematic state censorship of traditional and electronic media in 2012. Since then, political content appeared to be almost universally available, and even social content, such as pornography, was not blocked as of mid-2017. 36 Content Removal While new readers are more likely to encounter a range of content than they were in the past, authorities have made a concerted effort to exclude certain topics from