Table A21: Adjusted mean differences in standardized anxiety scores associated with technologyfacilitated child sexual exploitation and abuse, by country (2020–2025).
Country
Adjusted mean difference in standardized anxiety score [CI]
Armenia
0.29 [0.18, 0.4]***
Brazil
0.14 [0.09, 0.19]***
Cambodia
0.12 [0.08, 0.16]***
Colombia
0.11 [0.06, 0.16]***
Dominican Republic
0.08 [0.04, 0.13]***
Ethiopia
0.1 [0.06, 0.13]***
Indonesia
0.15 [0.09, 0.21]***
Kenya
0.08 [0.04, 0.12]***
Malaysia
0.13 [0.07, 0.19]***
Mexico
0.12 [0.07, 0.17]***
Montenegro
0.1 [0.02, 0.17]*
Mozambique
0.06 [0.01, 0.1]*
Namibia
0.15 [0.1, 0.19]***
North Macedonia
0.2 [0.07, 0.33]**
Pakistan
0.11 [0.03, 0.19]*
Philippines
0.08 [0.05, 0.12]***
Serbia
0.06 [0.01, 0.1]*
Tanzania
0.15 [0.09, 0.21]***
Thailand
0 [-0.06, 0.05]
Uganda
0.07 [0.03, 0.11]***
Viet Nam
0.14 [0.07, 0.21]***
Average
0.12
Median
0.11
Key: * = p<.05; ** = p<0.01; *** = p<0.001
Commentary: Across the 21 countries in the study, children subjected to technology-facilitated
child sexual exploitation and abuse were consistently more likely to report suicidal thoughts and
behaviours (effect size range: 1.52-15.17, median 3.81) and engage in self-harm tendencies (effect size
range: 1.66-92.35, median 4.13) than children who were not subjected to these forms of abuse.
They were also subjected to greater anxiety levels (mean difference range 0.06-0.29, median 0.11).
Although the strength of these associations varied across countries, the overall pattern was remarkably
consistent, with statistically significant positive associations observed in almost all settings.
Through Children’s Eyes
Appendix
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