Lockdown and Shutdown: Exposing the Impacts of Recent Network Disruptions in Myanmar and Bangladesh TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 3 Human Rights Situation in Myanmar 6 General Background 6 The Rohingya 8 Current Situation 10 Human Rights Situation in Bangladeshi Refugee Camps Current Situation Internet Shutdowns in Myanmar and Bangladesh 11 14 17 Internet Penetration in Myanmar 17 Targeted Internet Shutdown in Rakhine and Chin States 18 Internet Penetration in Bangladesh 19 Targeted Internet Shutdown in Cox’s Bazar 20 Internet Shutdowns Violate International Human Rights Law 22 Digital Rights Are Human Rights 22 Internet Shutdowns Have Been Recognized as Violations Not only of the Right to Free Expression but Numerous Other Rights 23 On the Ground Impacts of Internet Shutdowns in Myanmar and Bangladesh 25 Education 25 News and Misinformation 27 Work 32 Security and Conflict 33 Access to Healthcare 36 Conclusion and Recommendations 38 Appendix: Interview Questions 40 Bibliography 40 1