22 Policy Brief No. 93 Toda Peace Institute additional content. It provides mediators with insights into risk management and tradeoffs in using technology in specific contexts.92 18. Digital Inclusion in Peace Processes In Ukraine, the Donbass Dialogue enabled hundreds of participants to exchange ideas in an online dialogue forum to brainstorm ideas for an inclusive peace process. The platform enabled crowdsourcing prioritising of issues and a robust, ongoing exchange of views in civil society.93 Researchers at the University of Notre Dame found that social media was an important method of communication about the Colombian referendum on the peace process. They hypothesised that social media could have helped to engage the public on various options for ending the armed conflict in Colombia and building public support for the peace plan.94 In 2019, the Graduate Institute for International and Development Studies, in partnership with Build Up and US Institute of Peace, conducted a project on Digital Inclusion in Peacemaking to enable mediators to effectively use digital technologies in their efforts to enhance inclusion in peace processes. Digital technologies can improve digital inclusion to build the legitimacy of peace processes and their outcomes by involving a broad range of stakeholders, to empower marginalised groups by providing opportunities for participation in peace processes and political institutions, to transform relationships underlying conflict and to protect vulnerable groups.95 19. Digital Upstanding Digital upstanding is a component of digital citizenship, defined as an individual taking responsibility for the safety and culture in their community.96 Upstanding is the opposite of silent bystanding that occurs on digital communication technologies when many people witness an example of hate or disinformation but are afraid to intervene. Upstanders use digital media to respond to negative behaviours when they experience them online. Upstanders can interrupt disinformation, hate speech, or bullying. The #Iamhere civil society movement, mentioned earlier in this paper, involves tens of thousands of volunteer “upstanders” who support victims of digital harassment and misogynist, racist, and anti-immigrant hate speech. The Lithuanian citizen armies of “elves” For more information on the United Nations Digital Mediation Toolkit see their website: https://peacemaker.un.org/digitaltoolkit 93 For more information on the Donbass Dialogue see their website: https://www.donbassdialog.org.ua/p/about.html 94 Aastha Nigam, Henry K. Dambanemuya, Madhav Joshi, and Nitesh V. Chawla. "Harvesting Social Signals to Inform Peace Processes Implementation and Monitoring." Big Data 5 (4) 2017. Pp. 337-355. 95 Andreas Hirblinger. “Designing Digital Inclusion in Peacemaking: Summary of Findings”, Geneva: Graduate Institute for International and Development Studies. 2020. 96 Jennifer Petrella. “How to be an Upstanding “Digital Citizen.” Digital Media and Cyberculture. 8 May 2014. 92