Lisa Schirch 25 Spheres of Digital Peacebuilding and PeaceTech 11 13. Modeling Digital Communication Skills 14. Facilitating Intergroup Digital Dialogue 15. Digital Peace Education through Gaming 16. Digital Violence Prevention 17. Digital Diplomacy, Negotiation and Mediation 18. Digital Inclusion in Peace Processes 19. Digital Upstanding 20. Digital Social Movements 21. Digital Hackathons and PeaceTech Startups 22. Peace Engineering 23. The Hague Peace Data Standard 24. Digital Media Literacy 25. Digital Public Safety 1. Digital Citizen Journalism and Cyber Witnessing Before digital technologies became widespread, publishing was expensive, difficult to distribute, and was predominantly run by professional “legacy media." Journalists, editors, and news owners in legacy media act as “gatekeepers”, deciding what news they will publish, and what, in their view, is not newsworthy. Digital technology democratised the publishing process. Digital technology enables any individual with an internet connection to become a “citizen journalist” by uploading a news story, a photo, a video, or other digital content and sharing it via the internet. Digital technologies give anyone with access (and access is often missing) the tools to voice their complaint, their vision, their request to others around the world. A refugee can write directly to the head of humanitarian relief agencies and ask for more food. A bystander filming an instance of police brutality can instantly send out the video to anyone around the world. A child can file a report of abuse without the help of a parent. Martin Luther King wrote about the need to reveal hidden injustices. Digital technologies are bringing to the surface narratives, photos, and videos that might have stayed invisible. Atalia Omer describes cyber witnessing technologies as “witnessing tools in generating ethical outrage and commitments through knowledge production and raw images of suffering, martyrdom, and protest” that “accelerates and emboldens the involvement of third parties in developing nonviolent peacebuilding efforts.”35 Digital technologies enable individuals to tell their stories, offering agency, and empowering tools for people to communicate their identity and their story. In 2011, the website 18daysinEgypt.com created a portal where anyone could upload a photo or story about their reason for 35 Firchow, et al. p. 9.