<5A&(/5:%<B%S 23#%2-%!3"45#% 67"%68-"9/5(/5:%*3:;%<B% Offline $)" 68-"9/5*3:;%>>)/<=Q;</5P Online I2B%& 68-"9/5(/5:%*3:;%>)/<B%S Limitations on the right to freedom of expression and information The right to freedom of expression is not an absolute right. However, it can only be limited in narrow circumstances. Any limitation must comply with the so-called ‘three part test’; it must be: • • • Provided by law: any limitation must be set out in law that is accessible to the public, clear and precise. This means that people must be able to find it and understand what it permits and what it prohibits. Pursue a legitimate aim: all such aims are listed in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights as: respect for the rights or reputations of others; the protection of national security or public order; the protection of public health or morals. Freedom of expression cannot be restricted purely because it is critical of the government or embarrassing for political leaders. Necessary and proportionate: the limitation must be necessary for a democratic society, and it must respond to a pressing social need. The state must show a direct and immediate connection between limiting the expression and protecting the interest at stake. Proportionality means that the restriction should not be too broad; if less restrictive measures are possible they should be used instead. 23 # % 2 -% ! 3 " 45 # % 6 7"% 6 8-"9/ 5 ( / 5 : % * 3 : ; % ( ) : ; % <#:% & '*+=% ' 2=% > ?@ ( / 5 : % * 3 : ; % J '=.% P ' <#% $ +"& 23#%2-%!3" 45#%67"%68-"9/5(/5:%*3:;%<B% '}=3:%&$Q; '*3:;%'6>& $\5#%-1S </5P6<"% '.B%&:?%6<" '68*'6.#3:%<" =.%P<#%(/5:%<B%S $B%<B;%=.%P<#%*+=%$+/,&$9/5 9/52/5<B% “ '-/5:%& a-/5:%& -16<" '!$%&<-%*A(/5:%$”M >)/>$B%S r#/5P$)" • • • T-60=8-b".%&6-&>$B%S =.%P<#%(/5:%<B%S $B%<B;%=.%P<#%*+=%$+/,&=/5$9/5 8-B%<@2@45 </>)/."&2B%6<" T-60#3:% >):%&2:%&8-#%<"&!3" 67"%8--1>)/>$B%S 9/52/5<B%$)" 8-B%<@2@45= =.%P<#%*+=%=/5 6#3O>)/(/5:%Y-H& *3:;%8-,*+=%():;% #"&8$!%*+=%#/5P=/5 ."&2B%(/5:%>$B%S #>"&$+)#6<" >B%>3?%*+=%-1>)/>$B%S ?:%&>B%>3?%*+=%$+"&=/5 ICCPR #3:% !">:%&8-,!5 67"%8-4"& <B%S r#/5P$)" '8*"&<@$+"&J '*3:;%'6>&():;% ."$B%6=":%&$+"&=/562&!"&8*:%&U '$+/,&<"&25AY*,A6>&():;% '$+"&8-B%<@Y:/$%E-%-8/ -"&$M=/5 ="=3?%8*:%&U '$+"&8-B%<@=+.%&$"6>&():;% =/5?%=+:;%</=q"$+"&=/5 ="=3?%8*:%&#/5O87!%<B%S '!/5&>=/56E7.%8*:%&U (/5:%:A6>&6*1:%&69":%$+"&'"& '>)=%>6!8*:%&#/5P6L=":;% 23#%2-%!3" 45#%67"%68-"9/5(/5:%*3:;%=/5 =.%P<#%$M $8-,(/5:%6-S 2/5'-%$M>)/Y-H& '*+/,&'!"&2/5=%62+"BH643 >)/>$B%S =.%P<#%*+=%<B% 0H$/5=6>!H2@P'73QO'!B%& '#3=% 2/5'-%>$B%87!%Y-H&U #=?;%2@$M 2/5'-%*+=%'#3=% #5AP8-.%$M 87!%>$B%S (/5:%:A6#"%= 45#%67"%68-" 9/5*3:;%=/5 =.%P<#%8*:%&():;% ARTICLE 19 - Censored gender: Women’s right to freedom of expression and information in Myanmar - Page 11