Mobile Myanmar: The Impact of Social Media on Young People Living in Conflict-Affected Regions of Myanmar dislike one another, lead to offline retaliation, and inflame simple fights between friends into larger fights between communities. “It happened to me. My childhood friend is Rakhine. When we were young, we were good friends. But when we finished high school and know things, because of the Palewa issue, we don’t talk to each other anymore. We avoid each other online.” Male, 19 years, Chin Christian, Sittwe (Rakhine State urban) “In Palewa, a simple fight happened between two friends (Rakhine and Chin), [but] it also led to a big fight between the Rakhine and Chin communities.” Male, 19 years, Chin Christian, Sittwe (Rakhine State urban) In comparison, there was minimal discussion from Muslim IDP participants about the impacts of hate speech on their behaviour and attitudes. Many said that while they feel sad and angry when they see hate speech, it doesn't impact their behaviour or attitudes as they comfort themselves (e.g., meditation). Overall, responses to hate speech were similar to those for fake news (as they often overlap and in many cases, become easily conflated). They included using the report function, commenting on the post, sending a direct message asking why they share those kinds of posts, or using the “haha” emoji. Some urban participants noted that if it were a friend of theirs that made the post, they would tell them not to post something so offensive. Another noted that they had seen organisations posting advice not to comment on such posts as it can cause racial conflict. A few participants noted seeing examples of others posting anti-hate messages in the comments of hate speech posts, informing others about peace agreements and campaigns, or directing them to leaders that encourage others not to fight. Online harassment Most female participants (and a few urban male participants) revealed that they had experienced online harassment. Examples included misusing a partner’s image online (e.g., photoshop), outing what someone did online, sending inappropriate images and videos (sometimes labelled/disguised as something else). These examples were said to harm someone’s dignity or reputation, ‘destroy someone’s dream’, psychologically hurt someone, or cause embarrassment. An urban participant also noted that perpetrators of harassment do not always realise that what they are doing is considered harassment. “They took couple pics and after they broke up the boy photoshopped the girl’s pics and posted online.” Female, 19 years, Chin Christian, Sittwe (Rakhine State urban) “A girl was standing and without her consent, a stranger took her picture and posted it on Facebook. They [had] bad intensions. Some of the guys…photoshopped their photos and uploaded or open a new account [with them].” Female, 18 years, Thet Kel Pyin, (Rakhine State IDP) “I also had an experience. I posted my pictures and a group of gays were interested in me and they came to add me [as a friend]. At first, I talked to them but later on, they attacked me personally saying offending [sexual] words. It got worse when I didn’t respond. I decided to block them in the end.” Male, 28 years, Chin Christian, Sittwe (Rakhine State urban) “Sometimes a person harasses someone but he/she doesn’t know that is harassment.” Female, 20 years, Rakhine Buddhist, Sittwe (Rakhine State urban) 53