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Mobile Myanmar: The Impact of Social Media on Young People Living in Conflict-Affected Regions of Myanmar Smith, A., & Anderson, M. (2018). Social media use in 2018. Retrieved from Pew Research Centre website: https://www.pewinternet.org/2018/03/01/social-media-use-in-2018/ Spijkerman, M. P. J., Pots, W. T. M., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2016). Effectiveness of online mindfulness-based interventions in improving mental health: A review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Clinical Psychology Review, 45, 102-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.009 StatCounter Global Stats. (2018). Social media stats Myanmar Sept 2017 – Sept 2018. Retrieved from http://gs.statcounter.com/social-media-stats/all/myanmar/#monthly-201709-201809-bar Statistica. (2019). Number of Facebook users in Southeast Asia as of January 2019, by country (in millions). Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/193056/facebook-user-numbers-in-asian-countries/ Telenor. (2018). Realising digital Myanmar: Leapfrogging to an inclusive digital economy. Retrieved from: https://www.telenor.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Telenor-Realising-Digital-Myanmar-Report-06February.pdf Thu, J. M. (2016). Rakhine State news and information eco-system: An Internews rapid assessment report. Yangon, Myanmar: Internews. Thuzar, M. (2019). Human security and development in Myanmar: Issues and implications. In Y. Mine, O. A. Gómez & A. Muto (Eds.), Human security norms in East Asia (pp. 135-158). London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Tun, N. M. (2016, July 19). Myanmar calls for rural mobile coverage. Retrieved from The Nation Thailand website: http://www.nationmultimedia.com/technology/Myanmar-calls-for-rural-mobile-coverage-30290975.html The Seagull Foundation. (2018). In Facebook [Group page]. Retrieved October 23, 2018, from: https://www.facebook.com/theseagullmandalay/ Think Before You Trust. (2018). In Facebook [Group page]. Retrieved May 1, 2019, from https://www.facebook.com/pg/ThinkBeforeYouTrust/ UNICEF. (2017). The state of the world’s children 2017: Children in a digital world. Retrieved from UNICEF website: https://www.unicef.org/reports/state-worlds-children-2017 United Nations. (2019). United Nations Strategy and Plan of Action on Hate Speech Synopsis, June 18, 2019: https://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/documents/UN%20Strategy%20and%20Plan%20of%20Action%20on %20Hate%20Speech%2018%20June%20SYNOPSIS.pdf Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146-1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559 Walton, M. (2018). Myanmar media and society (M.MAS) project. Retrieved from Oxford University website: https://www.sant.ox.ac.uk/research-centres/programme-modern-burmese-studies/myanmar-media-and-societymmas-project Walton, M., Schissler, M., & Thi, P. P. (2017, April 21). “Peace memories” in Myanmar. Retrieved from Tea Circle Oxford website: https://teacircleoxford.com/2017/04/21/peace-memories-in-myanmar/ Waseem, Z., & Hovy, D. (2016, June). Hateful symbols or hateful people? Predictive features for hate speech detection on twitter. In Proceedings of the NAACL student research workshop (pp. 88–93). San Diego, CA: Association for Computational Linguistics. Retrieved from https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N16-2013 112

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Mobile Myanmar: The impact of social media on young people in conflict-affected regions of Myanmar

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English

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Hate Speech
Internet Connectivity / Accessibility

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Save the Children
The University of Sydney

Date Published: Nov 1, 2019

Abstract: The advent of social media in Myanmar following the transition towards civilian rule announced in 2011 has given young people an important new platform for civic engagement and expression, and access to information and knowledge. But while young people are highly engaged with social media and its potential to bring benefits to their daily lives, this research reveals a number of alarming trends. Emerging new dangers such as online sexual harassment and hate speech are widespread and deeply concerning, and threaten to impact the safety and participation of girls and minority groups. Most young people lack the digital citizenship skills required to protect themselves from the online dangers and emotional and mental health impacts of social media highlighted in this report. The study finds evidence that young people across Myanmar suffer from ‘hate speech fatigue’, often exacerbated by repeat exposure to fake news and propaganda targeting specific communities. Over time, this effect limits young Myanmar users’ willingness to seek out and engage with reporting and blocking functions that may help combat fake news and hate speech online. Understanding the impact of social media on social and political discourse in Myanmar is of urgent, critical importance. While the young people in this study saw great potential for social media to increase empathy and understanding between different groups, the struggle to curb anti-Muslim hate speech in particular, and the structural and violent oppression it begets, is still very real. As recent global events have shown, democratic processes are especially vulnerable to disinformation campaigns and the spread of fake news and hate speech. Myanmar’s democracy is still new, and with elections upcoming in 2020, social media could very well play a role in shifting voter attitudes, especially among young people.

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Mobile Myanmar: The impact of social media on young people in conflict-affected regions of Myanmar

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