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Mobile Myanmar: The Impact of Social Media on Young People Living in Conflict-Affected Regions of Myanmar Christensen, H. (2014). Social media: The new e-mental health tool. InPsych: The Bulletin of the Australian Psychological Society Ltd, 36(3), 12. Retrieved from https://www.psychology.org.au/inpsych/2014/june/christensen Clarke, A. M., Kuosmanen, T., & Barry, M. M. (2015). A systematic review of online youth mental health promotion and prevention interventions. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(1), 90-113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964014-0165-0 Cook, S. (2019) Cyberbullying facts and statistics 2016-2019. Retrieved from: https://www.comparitech.com/internetproviders/cyberbullying-statistics/ Davidson, T., Warmsley, D., Macy, M., & Weber, I. (2017, May). Automated hate speech detection and the problem of offensive language. In Proceedings of the Eleventh International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (pp. 512515). Palo Alto, CA: AAAI Publications. Retrieved from https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM17/paper/viewPaper/15665 Davis, B. (2017). Religion, hate speech and social media in Myanmar: Analysing methods of intervention. Winchester, UK: University of Winchester. Del Vigna, F., Cimino, A., Dell’Orletta, F., Petrocchi, M., & Tesconi, M. (2017). Hate me, hate me not: Hate speech detection on Facebook. In Proceedings of the First Italian Conference on Cybersecurity (pp. 86-95). Venice, Italy: CEUR Workshop Proceedings. Retrieved from http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1816/paper-09.pdf Donovan, P. (2007). How idle is idle talk? One hundred years of rumor research. Diogenes, 54(1), 59-82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0392192107073434 Facebook (2019). Audience insight. Retrieved August 1, 2019, from https://www.facebook.com/ads/audienceinsights/geography?act=615671958956517&age=18-&country=MM Freedom on the Net. (2018). Myanmar country report. Retrieved from https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedomnet/2018/myanmar Gebremariam, M. K., Bergh, I. H., Andersen, L. F., Ommundsen, Y., Totland, T. H., Bjelland, M., Grydeland, M., & Lien, N. (2013). Are screen-based sedentary behaviors longitudinally associated with dietary behaviors and leisure-time physical activity in the transition into adolescence?. International Journal Of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-10-9 Graafland, J. H. (2019). New technologies and 21st century children: Recent trends and outcomes. Retrieved from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) website: https://www.oecdilibrary.org/education/new-technologies-and-21st-century-children_e071a505-en Gravers, M. (2015). Anti-Muslim Buddhist Nationalism in Burma and Sri Lanka. Contemporary Buddhism, 16(1), 1-27. Grizelj, I. (2017). The youth space of dialogue and mediation in Myanmar. Retrieved from Berghof Foundation website: https://www.berghoffoundation.org/fileadmin/redaktion/Publications/Other_Resources/YouthSpaceofDialogueMediation__Myanmar .pdf Grizelj, I. (2018). Youth-led participatory research on social cohesion in urban areas. Retrieved from Search for Common Ground: https://www.sfcg.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/SFCG_Youth-led_Research_Myanmar_3mk.pdf Guess, A., Nagler, J., & Tucker, J. (2019). Less than you think: Prevalence and predictors of fake news dissemination on Facebook. Science Advances, 5(1), eaau4586. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau4586 108

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Mobile Myanmar: The impact of social media on young people in conflict-affected regions of Myanmar

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Hate Speech
Internet Connectivity / Accessibility

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Save the Children
The University of Sydney

Date Published: Nov 1, 2019

Abstract: The advent of social media in Myanmar following the transition towards civilian rule announced in 2011 has given young people an important new platform for civic engagement and expression, and access to information and knowledge. But while young people are highly engaged with social media and its potential to bring benefits to their daily lives, this research reveals a number of alarming trends. Emerging new dangers such as online sexual harassment and hate speech are widespread and deeply concerning, and threaten to impact the safety and participation of girls and minority groups. Most young people lack the digital citizenship skills required to protect themselves from the online dangers and emotional and mental health impacts of social media highlighted in this report. The study finds evidence that young people across Myanmar suffer from ‘hate speech fatigue’, often exacerbated by repeat exposure to fake news and propaganda targeting specific communities. Over time, this effect limits young Myanmar users’ willingness to seek out and engage with reporting and blocking functions that may help combat fake news and hate speech online. Understanding the impact of social media on social and political discourse in Myanmar is of urgent, critical importance. While the young people in this study saw great potential for social media to increase empathy and understanding between different groups, the struggle to curb anti-Muslim hate speech in particular, and the structural and violent oppression it begets, is still very real. As recent global events have shown, democratic processes are especially vulnerable to disinformation campaigns and the spread of fake news and hate speech. Myanmar’s democracy is still new, and with elections upcoming in 2020, social media could very well play a role in shifting voter attitudes, especially among young people.

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Mobile Myanmar: The impact of social media on young people in conflict-affected regions of Myanmar

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