Mobile Myanmar: The Impact of Social Media on Young People Living in Conflict-Affected Regions of Myanmar  Whilst fake news can perpetuate fear and affect young people’s understanding of political and ethnic conflicts in Myanmar, young people also reported that realising that the news was fake and meeting diverse people both online and in person had changed their perceptions for the better. Hate speech  The hate speech ecosystem affects everyone. In this study, Muslim IDP young people were the most likely to report having been impacted by hate speech, however, Christians also mentioned being the victims of hate speech and fake news. Maramagyi young people felt racially discriminated against, and many Chin young people felt marginalised and discriminated against by the Rakhine community, who in turn felt discriminated against by the Bamar community.  Some young people were aware that third parties were using hate speech and fake news to stir tension and division between other ethnic groups. As with fake news, hate speech was more often ignored or mocked than reported.  During the study, participants frequently conflated hate speech and fake news. One explanation for this is that fake news often functions as hate speech in Myanmar, in that false news reports are made with the intention of vilifying a particular group. In this way, hate speech often takes the form of fake news about specific groups, from political parties to ethnic minority groups to spread fear, entrench negative stereotypes, and further a particular agenda. Given this, the distinction between hate speech and fake news should itself be problematised in Myanmar.  Young people were aware that besides making minority ethnic groups feel marginalised, online hate speech can lead to offline conflict.  Very few participants had come across anti-hate speech campaigns either online or offline, however some noted that there were influential individuals who made efforts to counter and stop the spread of hate speech online. Online harassment  The prevalence of sexual harassment of girls (and some boys) is deeply concerning. Perpetrators of harassment were usually male strangers who tried to form relationships with young girls, send inappropriate sexual content, or extort them for money, naked photos, or declarations of reciprocal love.  Victims of harassment reported being scared of offending their perpetrator and escalating the situation.  Many girls believed that online sexual harassment reflected the offline harassment they were subjected to from boys and men on a daily basis (e.g., ‘cat calls’, derogatory comments about clothing choices). There was a distinct lack of awareness by boys that this constituted sexual harassment and was such an issue for girls.  A proliferation in the availability of adult content (i.e., pornography) was suggested to be responsible for the ways some boys related to girls in offline relationships.  Online romantic relationships were identified as problematic, both in terms of leading to early marriage or sexual activity, and the potential for social media to be used as an online sexual harassment tool after a relationship breakdown. 8