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Mobile Myanmar: The Impact of Social Media on Young People Living in Conflict-Affected Regions of Myanmar Hale, L., & Guan, S. (2015). Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: A systematic literature review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 21, 50-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2014.07.007 Han, N. B. (2018, July 24). Kayah people decry chief minister’s stand on protest. Retrieved from Myanmar Times website: https://www.mmtimes.com/news/kayah-people-decry-chief-ministers-stand-protest.html Hawdon, J., Oksanen, A., Räsänen, P. (2014). Victims of online hate groups: American youth’s exposure to online hate speech. In Hawdon, J., Ryan, J., Lucht, M. (Eds.), The causes and consequences of group violence: From bullies to terrorists (pp. 165–182). New York, NY: Lexington Books. Hodal, K. (2014, March 1). Burma tells Medécins Sans Frontières to leave state hit by sectarian violence. Retrieved from The Guardian website: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/28/burma-medecins-sans-frontieresrakhine-state Huang, G. C., Unger, J. B., Soto, D., Fujimoto, K., Pentz, M. A., Jordan-Marsh, M., & Valente, T. W. (2014). Peer influences: the impact of online and offline friendship networks on adolescent smoking and alcohol use. Journal of Adolescent Health, 54(5), 508-514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.07.001 Jones, N. M., Thompson, R. R., Schetter, C. D., & Silver, R. C. (2017). Distress and rumor exposure on social media during a campus lockdown. In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(44), 11663-11668. Retrieved from https://www.pnas.org/content/114/44/11663.short Kats, R. (2018). In the UK, younger users flock to Snapchat. Retrieved from https://www.emarketer.com/content/in-theuk-younger-users-flock-to-snapchat Khaing, H., & Aung, P. T. (2018). Aung San in Kayah State: Inside the political storm. Retrieved from http://www.myanmar-now.org/news/i/?id=85125d4f-546e-4d65-8645-89508903662a Kids Helpline. (2019). KHL Circles. Retrieved from: https://kidshelpline.com.au/khl-circles-research-project Kim, H. H. S. (2016). The impact of online social networking on adolescent psychological well-being (WB): A population-level analysis of Korean school-aged children. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 22(3), 364-376. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2016.1197135 Kirkham, A. (2015). This is not who we are: Listening to communities affected by communal violence in Myanmar. Retrieved from The Centre for Peace and Conflict Studies website: http://www.centrepeaceconflictstudies.org/publications/browse/8288-2/ Kramer, T., Russell, O., & Smith, M. (2018). From war to peace in Kayah (Karenni) state: A land at the crossroads in Myanmar. Retrieved from The Transnational Institute website: https://www.tni.org/en/publication/from-war-topeace-in-kayah-karenni-state MacGregor, F. (2013, August 13). Rakhine aid workers resigning over social media threats. Retrieved from Myanmar Times website: https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/7896-rakhine-aid-workers-resigning-over-socialmedia-threats.html Martin, F., Wang, C., Petty, T., Wang, W., & Wilkins, P. (2018). Middle school students’ social media use. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 21(1), 213-224. https://doi.org/10.2307/26273881. McCarthy, G. (2017). Cyber-Spaces. In A. Simpson, N. Farrelly, & I. Holliday (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Myanmar (pp. 92-105). London, UK: Routledge. 109

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Mobile Myanmar: The impact of social media on young people in conflict-affected regions of Myanmar

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English

Topic

Hate Speech
Internet Connectivity / Accessibility

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Save the Children
The University of Sydney

Date Published: Nov 1, 2019

Abstract: The advent of social media in Myanmar following the transition towards civilian rule announced in 2011 has given young people an important new platform for civic engagement and expression, and access to information and knowledge. But while young people are highly engaged with social media and its potential to bring benefits to their daily lives, this research reveals a number of alarming trends. Emerging new dangers such as online sexual harassment and hate speech are widespread and deeply concerning, and threaten to impact the safety and participation of girls and minority groups. Most young people lack the digital citizenship skills required to protect themselves from the online dangers and emotional and mental health impacts of social media highlighted in this report. The study finds evidence that young people across Myanmar suffer from ‘hate speech fatigue’, often exacerbated by repeat exposure to fake news and propaganda targeting specific communities. Over time, this effect limits young Myanmar users’ willingness to seek out and engage with reporting and blocking functions that may help combat fake news and hate speech online. Understanding the impact of social media on social and political discourse in Myanmar is of urgent, critical importance. While the young people in this study saw great potential for social media to increase empathy and understanding between different groups, the struggle to curb anti-Muslim hate speech in particular, and the structural and violent oppression it begets, is still very real. As recent global events have shown, democratic processes are especially vulnerable to disinformation campaigns and the spread of fake news and hate speech. Myanmar’s democracy is still new, and with elections upcoming in 2020, social media could very well play a role in shifting voter attitudes, especially among young people.

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Mobile Myanmar: The impact of social media on young people in conflict-affected regions of Myanmar

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