A/HRC/39/CRP.2 384. The impact of sexual and gender-based violence on women and men reported to the Mission is severe, varied and long-lasting. The Mission found one case of rape that resulted in death caused by contracting HIV. 844 Other injuries reported by women included experiencing pain in the vagina and lower abdomen region during sexual intercourse. 845 Similarly, men who experienced sexual torture in detention continue to suffer enduring physical and psychological injuries, including bleeding from the anus, loss of cognitive function, loss of emotional control, loss of erectile function and inability to work. 846 385. The lack of specific medical expertise related to rape exacerbates the effects of sexual violence in the region. As victims are predominantly women, this creates gender-based inequality in access to medical services. In several cases, women did not have the access to medical attention and women have fallen pregnant, sometimes even after seeing a doctor immediately after the rape, because they were not given medication to prevent pregnancy. 847 A 2017 report by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar had also found that the limited capacity of providers, as well as restrictions on women’s freedom of movement due to increased militarization, limited access to life-saving services for survivors of sexual and gender-based violence.848 2. Landmines 386. There is no systematic nationwide collection of casualty data related to landmines, but across Myanmar at least 1,000 people have been killed or injured by anti-personnel landmines since August 2011 across 14 states and regions. 849 Of the recorded incidents in recent years, Kachin and Shan States have among the highest number of landmine casualties, and numbers are increasing.850 For example, from 2016 to April 2018, the United Nations recorded 199 casualties in Kachin State including 42 deaths, and 182 casualties in Shan State, including 48 deaths.851 Despite the signing of the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement in October 2015, which committed all parties to end the use of landmines and cooperate on mine-clearance operations, new landmines continue to be laid.852 387. Several victims and witnesses reported instances where civilians were injured or killed due to landmines.853 Individuals informed encountering landmines in forest areas, either while detained by the Tatmadaw or while fleeing fighting, 854 while travelling to their tea plantations or farm,855 and in or around villages.856 The Mission was unable to verify the party responsible for laying the mines in these cases, but credible reports indicate that both the Tatmadaw and EAOs have laid landmines. 857 Credible reports indicate that Tatmadaw soldiers lay landmines in villages they have attacked or after civilians have fled, or on roads frequently used by civilians. 858 Civilians have also laid landmines in order to protect their property.859 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 94 PI-007. PI-063, PI-068. PI-052, PI-055, PI-056. PI-066, PI-067, PI-068, PI-069, QI-098. A/HRC/34/67, para. 56. Myanmar Information Management Unit, Townships with Known Landmine Contamination (2017) and Casualties in Myanmar (December 2016). Ibid. K-064, V-306, V-307. K-064. V-308. PI-103, PI-104, PI-094, PI-085, PI-046, PI-045, DI-061, PI-076. PI-016, PI-104, PI-085, PI-046, PI-045. See also this chapter, section A.6: Forced labour. PI-016, PI-094. DI-061, QI-094, PI-046, PI-098. K-137, K-144, PI-045, PI-049, PI-094, PI-098, SI-003, V-309. PI-045, PI-049, PI-094, PI-098, SI-002, SI-003. PI-085; G. Cathcart, “Landmines as a form of community protection in Eastern Myanmar”, in Conflict in Myanmar: War, Politics, Religion, 2nd ed., N. Cheesman, N. Farrelly, eds. (ISEAS, 2016), pp. 127-131.