A/HRC/39/CRP.2 Contents Page I. Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 6 II. Mandate and methodology and legal framework ............................................................................. 6 A. Mandate ................................................................................................................................... 6 B. Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 7 C. Legal framework ...................................................................................................................... 11 Context….. ....................................................................................................................................... 21 A. Military domination in politics ................................................................................................ 21 B. Ethnic and religious diversity .................................................................................................. 25 C. History of human rights violations .......................................................................................... 27 Emblematic situation 1: Kachin and Shan States ............................................................................. 30 A. Patterns of violations committed by Myanmar military and security forces ........................... 32 1. Conduct of hostilities in flagrant disregard of civilian life and property ......................... 32 2. Unlawful killings ............................................................................................................. 37 3. Torture and other ill-treatment ........................................................................................ 42 4. Sexual and gender-based violence................................................................................... 50 5. Arbitrary deprivation of liberty and enforced disappearance .......................................... 56 6. Forced labour and forced recruitment of adults and children .......................................... 64 7. Forced displacement, confiscation and destruction of property, and denial of humanitarian assistance ................................................................................................... 70 Emblematic incidents ...................................................................................................... 78 Patterns of violations and abuses committed by non-State armed actors................................. 82 1. Legal framework ............................................................................................................. 83 2. Findings ........................................................................................................................... 83 Impact of conflict, violations and abuses on civilians ............................................................. 91 1. Fear, trauma, displacement and humanitarian impact ..................................................... 91 2. Landmines ....................................................................................................................... 94 3. Lack of recourse .............................................................................................................. 95 Emblematic situation 2: Rakhine State............................................................................................. 99 III. IV. 8. B. C. V. A. B. 2 Human rights violations against the ethnic Rakhine ................................................................ 100 1. Forced or compulsory labour .......................................................................................... 101 2. Forced evictions .............................................................................................................. 104 3. Confiscation of food and livestock .................................................................................. 106 4. Sexual and gender-based violence................................................................................... 107 5. Emblematic incident: shooting in Mrauk-U on 16 January 2018 .................................... 108 6. Conclusion....................................................................................................................... 109 Systemic oppression and persecution of the Rohingya ............................................................ 110 1. Denial of legal status and identity ................................................................................... 110 2. Denial of the right to freedom of movement ................................................................... 119