A/HRC/39/CRP.2 involvement was planned, coordinated and implemented under the command and control of the Tatmadaw. 1260. The Mission has maintained a list of names of individual civilian perpetrators for whom it has received indications that they were involved in the “clearance operations”, including village administrators or former village administrators. Ethnic Rakhine and NaTaLa residents 1261. In a large number of Rohingya villages where “clearance operations” were conducted, participating ethnic Rakhine were recognized by witnesses as neighbours from nearby Rakhine villagers.2816 In other cases, villagers participating in violent acts were identified as residents of nearby NaTaLa “model” villages,2817 some of whom were identified as ethnic Rakhine, although, given the mixed-ethnicity of NaTaLa villages, this cannot be assumed. In the majority of such cases, ethnic Rakhine and NaTaLa villagers who participated in the “clearance operations” wore the regular, traditional clothes, such as t-shirts and mid-length shorts (“bombi”) or sarongs (“longyi”) that are worn by ethnic Rakhine villagers in everyday life.2818 1262. In other instances, Rohingya villagers noted the participation in the “clearance operations” of persons they presumed to be ethnic Rakhine, although they did not recognise the individuals themselves. In certain locations there was an indication of new persons being transported into Rakhine State in advance of 25 August 2017, including new residents seen arriving in NaTaLa villages. Some of these new arrivals were later witnessed participating in “clearance operations” in specific locations.2819 1263. Some current and former ethnic Rakhine village-level administrators also played prominent roles in specific “clearance operations”. For example, in two of the most serious incidents, in Chut Pyin and Min Gyi, the role of the Rakhine village tract administrator appears to have been pivotal in both assisting the Tatmadaw in advance of the operation, including allegedly ensuring that the Rohingya villagers were inside the village at the time of the attack, and during the “clearance operation” itself. 1264. In other locations, ethnic Rakhine administrators or former administrators were also seen actively participating in the violence.2820 In two villages, armed administrators reportedly guided the Tatmadaw soldiers through the village, showing them the way and identifying relevant targets.2821 1265. The Mission notes that the Tatmadaw are undisciplined in relation to the consistent wearing of uniforms, and notes credible reports of security forces deliberately wearing civilian clothes to obscure their identity during the 2017 “clearance operations”. 2822 In some cases, members of the security forces in civilian clothes could have been mistakenly identified as ethnic Rakhine (or members of other minority groups). However, in light of the overwhelming number of accounts from Rohingya who recognised their neighbours, the Mission confirms the direct role played by ethnic Rakhine in the “clearance operations”. Pyi Thu Sit and other armed Rakhine, including militias 1266. In some locations, Rakhine militias (Pyi Thu Sit) participated in acts of violence against Rohingya. In some cases, villagers actively could identify them as such, because 2816 2817 2818 2819 2820 2821 2822 CI-029, CI-034, CI-049, CI-050, CI-120, CI-124, LI-006, LI-033, LI-037, LI-059, LI-062, LI-065, LI066, LI-069, LI-081, LI-102, LI-103, LI-104, LI-109, LI-112, LI-120, LI-129, LI-132, WI-005, WI006, WI-032, WI-044, WI-048, QI-002, QI-005, QI-012, QI-027, QI-049, QI-058, QI-061, QI-071, YI-006, YI-019, YI-025, YI-030, YI-031. CI-034, CI-125, LI-054, LI-066, LI-102, LI-120, LI-132, WI-048, V-075. CI-029, CI-137, CI-138, CI-146, LI-003, LI-037. LI-054, LI-061, LI-063, LI-065, LI-066, LI-071, LM-006. CI-049, CI-050, CI-124, LI-102, WI-032. LI-102, YI-030. E.g. Wa Lone, Kyaw Soe Oo, S. Lewis, A. Slodkowski, “Reuters Special Report: Massacre in Myanmar” (Reuters, 8 February 2018). 311