36 ENDNOTES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Guay 2018 Ministry of Planning and Finance 2018, 14. Stagan 2016. World Bank Statistical Capacity Indicators. Statistical Capacity Indicators can be accessed at: https://databank. worldbank.org/source/statistical-capacity-indicators. E-government can be defined as “the use of ICT and the internet to enhance the access to and delivery of all facets of government services and operations for the benefit of citizens, businesses, employees, and other stakeholders.” Silcock 2001. Myanmar Times, Feb. 20, 2020. Smart cities can be defined as “places where information technology is combined with infrastructure, architecture, everyday objects, and even our bodies to address social, economic, and environmental problems.” Townsend 2014. Si Thu Lwin 2018. Myanmar is currently 157 of 193 countries in the UN E-government survey. United Nations 2018. According to a US survey of ICT projects, government projects had a dismal 18 percent success rate. Goldfinch 2007. The Asia Foundation’s Accountable and Inclusive States and Regions project works to strengthen Myanmar’s subnational governments and civil society so that they can better respond to the needs of the Myanmar people through more peaceful, inclusive, responsive, and democratic governance. The Foundation’s Urban Safety Project supports the country’s nascent transition to democracy by increasing the effectiveness and responsiveness of security-related actors at the township level in addressing people’s urban safety needs. The Foundation has also developed the Township Development Indicators database. The database provides a rich repository of data at the township level, combining over 6,500 indicators across 11 categories. For a more detailed explanation of the local governance system, please see Batcheler 2018. More details of the National Statistical System are available at: https://www.csostat.gov.mm/AboutCSO/ StatisticalSystem. Central Statistical Organization 2016. Ministry of Planning and Finance 2018. More details of the Central Statistical Organization’s aim and mission are available at: https://www.csostat.gov. mm/. Central Statistical Organization 2016. Ibid., 7. Ibid. Ibid. Htoo Thant 2019. Ministry of Transport and Communications 2017. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. Central Statistical Organization 2016, 10. Ministry of Immigration and Population 2015. Ibid. This practice is, in part, a legacy of colonial rule and the importance that colonial authorities attached to enumerating and targeting their subjects. Ittmann et al. 2010. Bissinger 2019. Open Development Myanmar 2016. Ibid. Ibid. Ferguson 2018. Caeyers et al. 2010. Ministry of Health and Sports 2019. Myint Aung Hlaing 2017. For an overview of the information contained in the 27 forms, please see annex B. Village development plans have been developed under the DRD and World Bank’s National CommunityDriven Development Project (NCDDP; visit https://cdd. drdmyanmar.org/en for further information), and through the Village Development Planning project led by DRD and supported by the Livelihoods and Food Security Trust Fund (LIFT) (visit http://vdp.drdmyanmar.org/en/aboutvdp for further information). Runde 2017. The Myanmar Statistical Yearbooks can be found at: https://www.mopfi.gov.mm/en/page/planning/centralstatistical-organization-cso/752. Selected Monthly Economic Indicators can be found at: https://www. mopfi.gov.mm/en/page/planning/central-statisticalorganization-cso/748. For a more detailed description of how evidence is used to inform local investment planning prioritization, see Batcheler 2019. For example, the introduction of Thailand’s “smart” ID cards was perceived as a failure. https://www. securityinfowatch.com/government/news/10593099/ thailands-pricey-id-cards-fail-smart-test. According to Saunders and Baeck (2015), the first of four flaws with visions for smart cities is starting with the technology rather than with the urban challenges. For further information on the UK’s Office for National Statistics, please see https://www.ons.gov.uk/. ISO/IEC 27001:2013 (https://www.iso.org/ standard/54534.html) and ISO/IEC 27002:2013 (https:// www.iso.org/standard/54533.html). Ministry of Health and Sports 2016a, 13. Ministry of Health and Sports 2017, 11. Ministry of Health and Sports 2016b, 7. Snow 2019. Saw Yi Nanda 2019.