Section 2 | FOUNDATIONAL FACTORS (8 versus 6.4 hours daily), but women’s disproportionate share of reproductive tasks (6 hours versus 1 hour by men) meant they had almost no leisure time and less sleep than men (see figure 4 below).87 Figure 4: Perceived Daily Activity Profile (Average and Range of Time in Hours), by Sex, Depicted as Clocks (Inn-thar Village) WOMEN 1.4 hours “In addition to skills, we need to create the space and time for women to participate—women have strong management skills, but if they don’t have the time, they don’t have the chance.” —Urban CSO representative Community Management 2.9 hours Leisure Time 7.85 hours Reproductive 5.45 hours Productive Sleeping Time 6.4 hours MEN 1.5 hours Community Management 5.15 hours Leisure TIme 8.35 hours Reproductive Productive .95 hours Sleeping Time 8.05 hours Source: UNDP, Gender Analysis Around Inle Lake. Reinforcing the identification of women with reproductive roles, culturally prescribed gender norms also firmly link men to the public sphere and women to the private. Such norms are reflected in data showing that women’s income-generating activities tend to be smaller in scale and located closer to home than men’s,88 as well as in research revealing how conflict (and the absence of male combatants) opens space for women as community leaders.89 Although many women perform very public productive roles, from working as agricultural wage laborers to running retail shops and open-air markets, such roles are carefully delineated by norms restricting women’s mobility (especially at night) and wage disparities that value men’s productive work in the public sphere.90 87 88 89 90 UNDP, Gender Analysis Around Inle Lake. ADB, Technical Assistance to Myanmar on Skills Development for Inclusive Growth (Manila: ADB, 2014). Ma and Kusakabe, “Gender Analysis of Fear.” GEN, Raising the Curtain. Ending the Gender Digital Divide in Myanmar: A Problem-Driven Political Economy Assessment | 31