is diverse and quite politicized, and that legal solutions are approached in a superficial way. Therefore, according to him, it is important to act immediately, when bills are being discussed or even earlier. ARTICLE 19 Article 1910 is an international organization founded in England that focuses on issues related to freedom of expression and access to information. The entity has offices in nine countries, two of which are in Latin America (Brazil and Mexico). Among the issues it addresses are the right to protest, promotion of access to information, media freedom, support for human rights defenders, and the protection of digital rights. On the issue of disinformation, Article 19 runs programs to support independent media in the most remote regions of Brazil. In the Amazon region, it is acting to stimulate exchanges between individuals and collectives that produce and disseminate information based on the demands of people in their territories. In 2022, a campaign to support community communicators in these locations will be launched. The organization has also followed legislative debates on the subject of disinformation, such as the debates in Brazil around the bill that became known as the “fake news bill.” The team also monitors the production and dissemination of disinformation aimed at institutions, which impact on democratic processes. According to its digital rights coordinator in Brazil, Paulo José Lara (interview, August 2021), one of the difficulties experienced is “fighting a process that is not institutional from within institutions. A lot of what goes on originates in small groups, small companies, groups that in many places you can’t identify.” CELE CELE, which runs a legislative observatory on freedom of expression in Latin America,11 is an academic center for research on issues concerning expression and information, linked to the University of Palermo in Argentina. The center’s research is aimed not only at producing knowledge but also at stimulating public debate on these issues. CELE created the legislative observatory to monitor legislation, bills, and changes in the current legal I N FO R M ATI O N D I SO R D ER IN THE GLOBA L SOUTH framework in order to analyze the possible impacts on freedom of expression and access to information. On the topic of disinformation, the observatory gathers information about legislation on the subject, and analyses some of it. The laws and legal initiatives are evaluated according to the tripartite test of the international framework on freedom of expression: legality, necessity, and proportionality. On its blog, the observatory publishes analyses of legislation and projects, as well as analyses about specific subjects. The project team prepared a paper for the AlSur network on public officials and disinformation, emphasizing the responsibility of the actors that disseminate speeches containing false content in the public sphere (AlSur 2021a). CELE also participates in consultation processes with international bodies. In the consultations convened in 2021 by the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression, Irene Khan, the organization presented a report on disinformation on the internet and the responses obtained from three platforms: Facebook, Twitter, and Google (CELE 2021). ACCESS NOW Access Now12 is an international organization that works in Latin America and the Caribbean. It covers a broad scope of issues, ranging from internet access and functioning to data protection, encryption, and freedom of expression. Access Now contributes to each of these issues by developing campaigns with other civil society organizations, as well as supporting campaigns initiated by entities in different regions and countries. The organization participates in debates about international guidelines and documents on these topics. In the field of disinformation, it has contributed to discussions and debates held by the European Union (EU), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the UN Human Rights Council, and the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Opinion and Expression. EFF The EFF13 is one of the oldest organizations active in the field of issues related to the internet. Founded in the 1990s and based in the USA, the organization works to strengthen human rights related to the use of technologies, such as promoting freedom of expression, combating surveillance and violence, defending personal data protection, supporting free technologies, and encouraging innovation. On the issue of disinformation in Latin America, the organization participated in the Latin America and the Caribbean – 86