academic literature, this review did not include technical reports and other studies, such as policy papers, carried out by these organizations. However, Part I of this report reveals important systematic research work that in many cases fills the gaps that still remain in the research published in academic journals. In summary, this literature review identified a thriving field of research on the subject in Latin America and the Caribbean. However, there are still significant gaps and challenges, and there is room to expand research in the field in terms of both quantity and diversity of themes. Of especial importance is the creation of Latin American and Caribbean benchmarks in the definition and conceptualization of the phenomenon of disinformation, in order to contribute to building a perspective from the Global South. REFERENCES • Abdala, M., G. Scherlis, and C. Tchintian. 2020. “Elecciones 2021 en Argentina: Los desafios de la desinformación a la integridad democrática.” (2021 elections in Argentina: The challenges posed by disinformation for democratic integrity.) CIPPEC (Centro de Implementación de Políticas Públicas para la Equidad y el Crecimiento, NDI (Instituto Nacional Democrata). December 2020. Accessed December 10, 2021. https://www.cippec.org/publicacion/elecciones2021-en-argentina-desafios-desinformacion/. • Aglantzakis, V. 2020. “Fake news como ameaça à democracia e os meios de controle de sua disseminação.” (Fake news as a threat to democracy and the means to control its dissemination.) Revista de Teorias da Democracia e Direitos Políticos 6 (1): 20–37. https://doi.org/10.26668/ IndexLawJournals/2525-9660/2020.v6i1.6465. • Aguirre, L. 2020. “Cuando el silencio también habla: Medios de comunicación y minorización de la violencia contra las mujeres en El Salvador.” (When silence also speaks: Media and the minimization of violence against women in El Salvador.) Special issue: “Mentiras, ódios y desinformación: Tempos posfáticos em América Latina.” Perspectivas: Analisis y comentarios políticos 6: 19–22. • Albuquerque, A. 2020. “O discurso das fake news e sua implicação comunicacional na política e na ciência.” (The fake news discourse and its communicational implications in politics and science.) Revista eletrônica de comunicação, informação e inovação em saúde 14 (1): 184–98. https://doi.org/10.29397/reciis.v14i1.2016. • Albuquerque, A. 2021. “As fake news e o Ministério da Verdade Corporativa.” (The fake news and the Ministry of Corporate Truth.) Revista EPTIC 23 (1): 125–41. Accessed December 10, 2021. seer.ufs.br/index.php/eptic/article/ view/14670. • Allcott, H., and M. Gentzkow. 2017. “Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 31 (2): 211–36. https://doi. org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211. • AlSur. 2019. “Desinformación en internet en contextos electorales de América Latina y el Caribe.” (Online disinformation in electoral contexts in Latin America and the Caribbean.) January 2019. Accessed January 14, 2022. https://www.alsur.lat/reporte/desinformacionen-internet-en-contextos-electorales-americalatina-el-caribe. • AlSur. 2021a. “La mentira de los funcionarios. ¿Tiene patas cortas o efectos largos?” (The officials’ lie: Does it have a short life or big effects?) Accessed January 14, 2022. https:// www.alsur.lat/proyecto/mentira-funcionarios. • AlSur. 2021b. “Mirando al sur: Hacia nuevos consensos regionales en materia de responsabilidad de intermediarios y moderación de contenidos en internet.” (Looking to the south: Towards new regional consensus in relation to the responsibility of intermediaries and content moderation on the internet.) Accessed January 14, 2022. https://www. alsur.lat/reporte/mirando-al-sur-hacianuevos-consensos-regionales-en-materiaresponsabilidad-0. I N FO R M ATI O N D I SO R D ER IN THE GLOBA L SOUTH • Álvarez Ugarte, R. 2020. “La desinformación y la pandemia: Una perspectiva de DDHH.” (Disinformation and the pandemic: A human rights perspective.) AlSur, August 2020. Accessed January 14, 2022. https://www.alsur. lat/reporte/desinformacion-pandemia-unaperspectiva-ddhh. • Amato, L. F. 2021. “Fake news: Regulação ou metarregulação?” (Fake news: Regulation or meta-regulation?) RIL Brasilia 58 (230): 29–53. Accessed December 10, 2021. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/ Lucas-Amato/publication/352248218_Fake_ News_regulacao_ou_metarregulacao/ links/60c0965f299bf1e6b71cb303/Fake-Newsregulacao-ou-metarregulacao.pdf. • Anaya Mota, C. E. 2020. “Iniciativa con proyecto por la que se reforma y adicionan diversas disposiciones de la ley reglamentaria del artículo 6o, párrafo primero …” (Initiative with draft amending and adding various provisions of the law regulating the first paragraph of Article 6.) Accessed December 10, 2021. https://infosen. senado.gob.mx/sgsp/gaceta/64/3/2020-12-15-1/ assets/documentos/Inic_PRI_Sen_Claudia_ Anaya_art_6_ceam.pdf. • Aos Fatos, Agência Lupa, Boatos, Comprova, e-Farsas, and Estadão Verifica. 2018. “Fake News impactam eleições e têm que ser combatidas. Propostas dos checadores ao TSE.” (Fake news impacts on elections and has to be combated. Fact checkers’ proposals to the TSE.) Accessed December 10, 2021. https://piaui.folha.uol. com.br/lupa/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/ Propostas-checadores-TS.pdf. Latin America and the Caribbean – 1 2 9

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