The methods employed in the selected works were diverse, the most common being content analysis (Copa and Peredo Rodríguez 2020; González 2017; Gutiérrez-Coba, Coba-Gutiérrez, and Gómez-Díaz 2020; Monsiváis 2018; Pérez, Calderón, and Coronado 2021; Rodríguez-Hidalgo, Mier-Sanmartín, and Coronel-Salas 2020) and literature reviews (Guallar et al. 2020; Rodríguez 2013; Silva 2020). Reception studies (Garcés-Prettel et al. 2021), case studies (Cusot and Palacios 2020; Recuero and Soares 2021), comparative studies (Ceron et al. 2021; Falomir et al. 2019), virtual ethnographies (Crawford-Visbal, Osman, and Navia 2020), and surveys (Cobos 2020) were also identified. Ninety-eight of the 102 works were published from 2016 onwards. The older studies mainly address disinformation in traditional media and in political contexts, such as elections and during political procedures. Examples are studies focusing on the armed conflict in Colombia involving the government and FARC (Botero 2002) or referendums such as the 2005 disarmament referendum in Brazil (Sorj 2006). As regards origin, at least half of the works were produced by authors from the largest countries in the region, especially Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Mexico. A smaller number of works originated from smaller South American nations (such as Uruguay, Paraguay, and Peru) and countries in the Caribbean. In terms of territorial scope, some of the studies addressed the theme in general, without necessarily being limited to a given territory. A smaller number of studies addressed the phenomenon at the regional level (Latin America, South America, or the Caribbean). We identified a few studies covering a set of countries in the region, and another portion of the studies focused on phenomena in a specific country. This review is divided into three sections. In the first section, we present a summary of the region’s academic literature, with a focus on conceptual milestones and the characterization of the phenomenon. Thereafter, we address the different approaches, themes, and focal points found in the research. Lastly, we problematize the gaps and challenges facing further research in the region. I N FO R M ATI O N D I SO R D ER IN THE GLOBA L SOUTH 2. CONCEPTUAL MILESTONES 2.1 CONCEPTUALIZATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF DISINFORMATION In the works selected for this literature review, various terms are used to designate the phenomenon of disinformation. A number of authors have used the concept of pos-verdad/pós-verdade (“post-truth”) (Busaniche 2020; Cruz Jr. 2019; Fernández-García 2017; Marino 2019; Monsiváis 2018; Vila de Prado 2018). Others have opted for the English term “fake news” (Cobos 2020; Flax 2020; Hegenberg 2019; Hernández 2020b; Pineda et al. 2019; Salinas 2020; Vila de Prado 2018; Zaniboni 2019). Some authors adopt the term desinformación/desinformação (“disinformation”) (Albuquerque 2020; Delmazo and Valente 2018; Neto et al. 2020; Pérez, Calderón, and Coronado 2021; Pérez 2019). To a lesser extent, references to notícias falsas (“false news”) appear (Gómez 2020; Sued and Kedikian 2020). Often, more than one term is used synonymously, such as “fake news,” desinformación/desinformação, and notícias falsas (Gómez 2020), or pos-verdad/pósverdade and “fake news” (Clavero 2018; Sacramento and Paiva 2020). Some authors have worked with even broader concepts that encompass false content and other manifestations, such as desorden informativo (“information disorder”) (Crawford-Visbal, Osman, and Navia 2020; Fernandes and Montuori 2020; Guallar et al. 2020; Silva 2020) and malestar informativo (“informational malaise;” disinformation and hate speech) (Hernández Pérez 2018). Among the works referred to Among the works referred in the studies, those by authors from to in the studies, those by the Global North are quite prevalent, authors from the Global such as Allcott and Gentzkow (2017) North are quite prevalent. (cited in Pérez, Calderón, and Coronado 2021; Silva 2020) and Wardle and Derakhshan (2017) (cited in Aglantzakis 2020; Cobos 2020; Hernández 2020b; Pérez, Calderón, and Coronado 2021; Recuero and Soares 2021). The strong presence of these works suggests a reaffirmation of the Global North’s main conceptualizations, although in some cases efforts to conceptualize have been identified in the Global South (Copa and Peredo Rodríguez 2020; Pérez 2019). Latin America and the Caribbean – 1 2 3