2020 GLOBAL INVENTORY OF ORGANIZED SOCIAL MEDIA MANIPULATION Contents 1 6 8 11 17 21 22 23 23 Introduction Report Methodology Organizational Form Strategies, Tools, and Techniques Organizational Behavior, Budgets, and Capacity Conclusion References Acknowledgements Authors' Biographies ILLUSTRATIONS 3 5 10 Figure 1 - The Global Disinformation Order Figure 2 - Facebook and Twitter Accounts Taken Down Table 1 - Organizational Form and Prevalence of Social Media Manipulation 12 14 16 18 Table 2 - Fake Account Types Table 3 - Messaging and Valence Table 4 - Communication Strategies Table 5 - Cyber Troop Capacity This report can be cited as: Samantha Bradshaw, Hannah Bailey & Philip N. Howard. (2021) Industrialized Disinformation: 2020 Global Inventory of Organised Social Media Manipulation. Working Paper 2021.1. Oxford, UK: Project on Computational Propaganda. [ ii ]