Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2008), Article 6(e). Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2008) Article 354(a). 317 Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2008) Article 365. 318 Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2008) Article 354. Article 365 includes a similar broad and vague limitation. 319 Win Ko Ko and Wai Mar Tun [Khet Mar and Ye Khaung Myint Maung, Roseanne Gerin], “New Committee Maps Out Plans to Amend Myanmar’s Constitution,” Radio Free Asia, February 25, 2019, https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/new-committee-maps-out-plans02252019170851.html. 320 “20 expert organisations urge Myanmar to fully guarantee the internationally protected right to freedom of expression in the Constitution,” Free Expression Myanmar, April 11, 2019, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/20-expert-organisations-urge-myanmar-to-fully-guarantee-theinternationally-protected-right-to-freedom-of-expression-in-the-constitution/. 321 “Monitoring in Myanmar: An Analysis of Myanmar’s Compliance with Fair Trial Rights,” Justice Base, October 2017, https://www.myjusticemyanmar.org/sites/default/files/Justice-Base-Monitoring-in-Myanmar-An-Analysis-of-Myanmars-Compliance-with-FairTrial-Rights-ENG.pdf. 322 “66(d): no real change,” Free Expression Myanmar, December 2017, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/66d-no-realchange.pdf. 323 Personal communications with a range of lawyers acting for defendants on digital-related cases, December 2017. 324 “Superficial amendment leaves Broadcasting Law undemocratic,” Free Expression Myanmar, September 13, 2018, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/superficial-amendment-leaves-broadcasting-law-undemocratic/. 325 Naw Betty Han, “New Myanmar Press Council committee members challenged to fix Media Act,” Myanmar Times, August 20, 2018, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/new-myanmar-press-council-committee-members-challenged-fix-media-act.html. 326 Pyae Phyo Aung, “Gov’t urged to pass the Right to Information Law,” Eleven Media Group, December 11, 2018, https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/govt-urged-to-pass-the-right-to-information-law. 327 “New National Records and Archives Law preserves government secrecy,” Free Expression Myanmar, March 12, 2020, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/new-national-records-and-archives-law-preserves-government-secrecy/. 328 “The Telecommunications Law (The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Law No. 31, 2013),” October 8, 2013, https://www.burmalibrary.org/docs23/2013-10-08Telecommunications_Law-en.pdf. 329 Shibani Mahtani, “Myanmar’s Telecom Revolution Bogs Down,” The Wall Street Journal, October 25, 2013, http://on.wsj.com/1w4lTPD. 330 Other problematic provisions in the Telecommunications Law (2013) include Articles 4, 5-8, 18, 40, 68, and 75-77, see “Telecommunications Law,” Free Expression Myanmar, October 8, 2013, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/telecommunications-law-en.pdf. 331 Moe Myint, “Activists Deem Amendments to Article 66(d) ‘Ineffective’,” The Irrawaddy, August 2, 2017, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/activists-deem-amendments-article-66d-ineffective.html; Oliver Spencer, Zar Chi Oo, and Yin Yadanar Thein, “The 66(d) amendment: tinkering at the edges,” Frontier, September 15, 2017, https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/the-66d-amendment-tinkeringat-the-edges. 332 Shoon Naing and Yimou Lee, “Myanmar retains tough clause in communications law despite calls for repeal,” Reuters, August 18, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-media/myanmar-retains-tough-clause-in-communications-law-despite-calls-for-repealidUSKCN1AY13J. 333 “66(d): no real change,” Free Expression Myanmar, December 2017, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/66d-no-realchange.pdf. 334 “Myanmar: Worsening Climate for Free Expression despite UN Commitments,” Article 19, May 2019, https://perma.cc/MY2C-24QE. 335 Linda Lakhdhir, “Dashed Hopes: The Criminalization of Peaceful Expression in Myanmar,” Human Rights Watch, January 31, 2019, https://www.hrw.org/report/2019/01/31/dashed-hopes/criminalization-peaceful-expression-myanmar. 336 Tin Htet Paing, “Critics Skeptical of New Privacy Legislation,” The Irrawaddy, March 15, 2017, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/criticsskeptical-of-new-privacy-legislation.html. 337 The State Law and Order Restoration Council, “The Computer Science Development Law, No. 10/96,” September 20, 1996, https://www.burmalibrary.org/docs6/Computer_Science_Development_Law.pdf. 338 ် စ်ဥပေဒ ေလ့ လာအXကံြပDရန် မXကာမီထ4တ်ြပန်ဖွယ်HEိ [A newly designed Electronic Contact Nai Lin Aung, “အသစ်ေရးဆွဲ သည့် အီ လက် ထရွ နန 315 316 Cooperation Law may be released soon],” 7Day Daily, December 14, 2014, https://web.archive.org/web/20150501215758/http://7daydaily.com/story/26977. 339 “MCRB provides initial comments to government on the draft cybersecurity framework, and discusses cybersecurity with MPs,” Myanmar Centre for Responsible Business, February 4, 2019, https://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/news/draft-cybersecurity-framework.html; Htoo Thant, “Japan helps Myanmar to enact cybersecurity law,” Myanmar Times, January 15, 2019, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/japan-helps-myanmarenact-cybersecurity-law.html. 340 Feedback from those present in early meetings, Yangon, February 25, 2019. 341 Htoo Thant, “Govt considering new cyber law, minister says,” Myanmar Times, December 13, 2018, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/govtconsidering-new-cyber-law-minister-says.html. 342 Discussions from participants at the Myanmar Digital Rights Forum, January 18, 2019. 343 Aung Phay Kyi Soe, “Bill seeks to control news of outbreaks in Myanmar,” Myanmar Times, February 24, 2020, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/bill-seeks-control-news-outbreaks.html. 344 “Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Law No. 3/2019 - Trademark Law,” Myanmar Law Library, 2019, https://perma.cc/58F4-3NWU; “Myanmar Passes LongAwaited Trademark Law,” Tilleke & Gibbins, February 1, 2019, https://www.tilleke.com/resources/myanmar-passes-long-awaited-trademark-law. 345 Yuwadee Thean-ngarm, Sher Hann Chua and Nwe Oo, “Myanmar Passes Patent Law,” Lexology, March 14, 2019, https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=37278f03-6667-47c9-a531-5bb7f92c0ddc. 346 Sher Hann Chua and Khin Myo Myo Aye, “Myanmar Enacts Copyright Law,” Lexology, May 24, 2019, https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=89cfb0ea-acf2-4c3a-aea0-40ebd097deaf. 347 “Anti-Hate Speech draft law submitted to Myanmar parliament,” Coconuts Yangon, September 28, 2017, https://coconuts.co/yangon/news/antihate-speech-draft-law-submitted-parliament/. 348 Ei Ei Toe Lwin, “Draft hate speech bill sent to parliament,” Myanmar Times, September 27, 2017, https://www.mmtimes.com/news/draft-hatespeech-bill-sent-parliament.html. 349 Personal communications with members of the Harmony Working Group, Yangon, February 2018. 350 “Hate speech Directive threatens free expression in election countdown,” Free Expression Myanmar, April 22, 2020, http://freeexpressionmyanmar.org/hate-speech-directive-threatens-free-expression-in-election-countdown/. 351 “The Telecommunications Law (The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw Law No. 31, 2013),” October 8, 2013, https://www.burmalibrary.org/docs23/2013-10-08Telecommunications_Law-en.pdf. 352 Shibani Mahtani, “Myanmar’s Telecom Revolution Bogs Down,” The Wall Street Journal, October 25, 2013, http://on.wsj.com/1w4lTPD. 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