MOBILE PHONES, INTERNET, AND GENDER IN MYANMAR Based on these findings, the following research questions were used for more in-depth qualitative research: • Why is there a gender gap in mobile ownership in Myanmar? • Why do many mobile owners in Myanmar not use mobile internet services and apps (data services)? - Are there different reasons for men than women? • What opportunities are there to encourage more women to own and use mobile phones (especially data services) in Myanmar? The remainder of this report is organised as follows: • Section 2 describes the quantitative and qualitative research methods used to collect the data for this study. MOBILE PHONES, INTERNET, AND GENDER IN MYANMAR 2 Methodology The research reported in this report stems from two sources: 1. A nationally representative baseline survey of knowledge, information, and communication habits and needs in Myanmar. Of all the data generated from this survey, only the data relevant to the research questions in Section 1 (i.e. the questions relating to gender) is included in this report.16 • Section 3 takes a brief look at some of the prior research relating to topics addressed in this report. • Section 4 provides a broad socio-economic/cultural context to help understand the research findings. • Section 5 presents the research findings. • Section 6 outlines the recommendations arising from the research and concludes the report. Throughout this report, the term “survey” or “baseline survey” refers to the nationally representative sample survey of ICT use in Myanmar mentioned earlier. “Survey respondents” refer to those who responded to this national quantitative baseline survey. “Interviews” or “qualitative research” refer to the in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and site visits and other protocols that yielded non-quantitative insights. Finally, “qualitative respondents” refers to the subjects who participated in any of these qualitative research protocols. 2. A qualitative study of women’s and men’s mobile phone and internet usage in an urban location (Yangon) and a rural location (Pantanaw) in Myanmar. The following sub-sections outline the research methods used for both. 2.1 Quantitative research: Nationally representative baseline survey This section summarises the methodology used for LIRNEasia’s Baseline Survey on Information, Knowledge and Communications Technology Needs and Uses in Myanmar.17 Two main surveys were conducted: 1. Household survey: This survey collected information on the characteristics of household members; housing and living status; household expenditure and income; the respondent’s profile; ICT use, information sources, needs, and access; the respondent’s media habits; and perceived impact of ICTs. The head of household (or a suitable alternative) was first interviewed about the characteristics of the household, and then one household member aged 15–65 was randomly selected (using the Kish grid) to be interviewed about their personal characteristics and habits. Data was collected from 8,138 households (more than 12,000 individuals in total). 2. Cluster survey: This survey was conducted in each ward (urban) and village tract (rural) where the household surveys were conducted, and included ward and village-level characteristics collected from the local ward or village administrator. Data was gathered from 592 ward and village administrators18 in 420 clusters. Fieldwork was conducted in local language/dialects by Third Eye Co., Ltd. using computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) methods in February, March, and May 2015. LIRNEasia joined the field staff in the field and led the analysis. The sample was designed to represent all accessible areas of Myanmar, both urban and rural with no more than ±2.5% margin of error. The township was used as the primary sampling unit (PSU). Thirty-two townships were excluded from the PSU sampling frame due to inaccessibility and security concerns. The excluded townships contained 3% of total households, or 3.5% of the population living in conventional households.19 Informed consent for participation was obtained from all research subjects. 16. A broader set of findings is available at: http://lirneasia.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/LIRNEasia_MyanmarBaselineSurvey_DescriptiveStats_V1.pdf 17. This report only includes findings relevant to the specific research questions in Section 1; a broader set of findings is available at: http://lirneasia.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/ LIRNEasia_MyanmarBaselineSurvey_DescriptiveStats_V1.pdf 18. 14 of whom were female 19. Excluding those living in institutions. For a list of excluded townships and full details on methodology, see: http://lirneasia.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/LA-MM-baselinemethodology-note.pdf 10 11