These pages appeared to be part of separate networks, so their reach was not equal, but the audiences of the largest clusters made the operators of these networks a notable presence in the Myanmar online ecosystem. The portfolios of pages grew over time, but especially from 2017 onwards. One page was created at the end of 2009, and two were created in 2011. There was a small spike in page creation in mid-2014, but by far the bulk of page creations came in 2017-18. Out of a sample of 200 pages, 113 were created in 2017-18, with 18 of them created from September to October 2018 alone. Quarterly creation dates for a sample of 200 pages in the set, showing the surge in asset creation from the end of 2016 onwards. Inauthentic Behavior Across the different clusters, the pages typically displayed high-velocity posting behaviour: some pages posted dozens of times a day. Others posted in a way that suggested automation: for example, a number of pages repeatedly made the same post twice in a row, a few seconds apart, so repetitively that it suggests an automation system that had been poorly programmed. They primarily shared links to websites with relatively standardized text commentary (often no more than the headline), rather than posting a broader range of content. All this is consistent with spam networks whose primary goal is to drive readers towards ad-laden websites. 3