ASEAN Regional Coalition to #StopDigitalDictatorship Fig. G: Summary table of international human rights laws and standards.(continuous) RIGHT TO AN EFFECTIVE REMEDY International Human Rights Instruments UDHR Relevant Provisions and Interpretations Article 8: “Everyone has the right to an effective remedy by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights granted him by the constitution or by law. Article 2(3): Provides for the obligation of states to ensure that those individuals whose rights have been violated have access to an effective remedy whether the violation(s) were committed by a person acting in their official capacity. Further, the effective remedy is to be determined by a competent judicial, administrative, legislative or other authority as mandated by the national legal system. The bottomline is that, regardless of the authority in charge, remedy must actually be granted. ICCPR General comment no. 31 (the nature of the general legal obligation imposed on States Parties to the Covenant): Judicial and administrative mechanisms must be set in place to “investigate allegations of violations promptly, thoroughly and effectively through independent and impartial bodies.” Reparation to individuals can take the forms of “restitution, rehabilitation and measures of satisfaction, such as public apologies, public memorials, guarantees of non-repetition and changes in relevant laws and practices, as well as bringing to justice the perpetrators of human rights violations.”7 Chapter III. Summary of International Human Rights Laws and Standards Ratification/Voting/Adoption Date and Status NOT Binding but serves as a cornerstone for the development and evolution of international human rights law Ratified Cambodia (May 26, 1992) Indonesia (Feb. 23, 2006) Lao PDR (Sept. 25, 2009) Philippines (Oct. 23, 1986) Thailand (Oct. 29, 1996) Vietnam (Sept. 24, 1982) Not signed or ratified Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore 37