Figure 3-4: E-commerce penetration against GDP per capita (PPP at constant prices) for selected lower middle income states13 These graphs show the selected lower middle-income countries with the selected Asian states identified separately. The trend line is that for the lower Asian states. No relationship was found between the measure of consumer e-commerce penetration and GDP per capita amongst the wider lower middle-income group. Nevertheless, the trend line derived for Asian states provides a useful marker to indicate those that are strongly adopting e-commerce and those that are not. Myanmar falls into the early adopter group despite is relatively low GDP per capita. Outlying countries, those that are most aggressively adopting e-commerce include Ukraine, Vietnam, Moldova, Kenya and Zambia. Tajikistan is also aggressively adopting e-commerce but from a lower level of GDP per capita. Out of this set of countries, those that were considered as candidates for further examination were Zambia and Kenya because their level of income as shown by GDP per capita was similar yet both had higher levels of e-commerce. 13 ibid 68