FREEDOM ON
THE NET 2024
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The Struggle
for Trust Online
Indonesia: Southeast Asia Freedom of Expression
Network (SAFEnet)
Iraq: Asia Abdulkareem Anwer and Hayder Hamzoz, INSM
Italy: Philip Di Salvo and Antonella Napolitano,
independent researchers
Japan: Hamada Tadahisa, Japan Computer Access
for Empowerment
Kazakhstan: Adil Nurmakov, independent researcher
Malawi: Jimmy Kainja, University of Malawi
Malaysia: Siti Nurliza Samsudin and Kelly Koh,
Sinar Project
Mexico: Vladimir Cortés Roshdestvensky,
independent researcher
Myanmar: Oliver Spencer, independent researcher
Nicaragua: IPANDETEC and Jenny Galindo,
independent researcher
Nigeria: Adeboro Odunlami, independent researcher
Philippines: Vino Lucero, independent researcher
Serbia: Mila Bajić and Bojan Perkov, SHARE Foundation
Singapore: Kirsten Han, independent researcher
South Africa: Tshepiso Hadebe, independent researcher
South Korea: Yenn Lee, SOAS University of London
Sudan: Digital Rights Lab
Thailand: Emilie Palamy Pradichit and Ploypitcha Uerfuer,
Manushya Foundation
The Gambia: Nasiru Deen, independent researcher
The Netherlands: Bits of Freedom
Turkey: Gürkan Özturan, European Centre for Press and
Media Freedom
Uganda: Lillian Nalwoga, independent researcher
Ukraine: Olga Kyryliuk, independent researcher
United Kingdom: Dr. Edina Harbinja, Aston University
United States: Rachel Lau, independent researcher
Uzbekistan: Ernest Zhanaev, independent researcher
Vietnam: Trinh Hữu Long, Legal Initiatives for Vietnam
Zambia: Bulanda T. Nkhowani, independent researcher
Researchers for Angola, Bahrain, Belarus, Cambodia, China,
Egypt, Ghana, India, Iran, Jordan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon,
Libya, Morocco, Pakistan, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Sri
Lanka, Taiwan, Tunisia, the United Arab Emirates, Venezuela,
and Zimbabwe wished to remain anonymous.
Advisers
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Sarah Bauerle Danzman, independent researcher
Mert Bayar, Postdoctoral Scholar, Center for an
Informed Public at the University of Washington
Eto Buziashvili, Digital Forensic Research Lab,
Atlantic Council
Hakeem Dawd Qaradaghi, independent researcher
@freedomonthenet
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Alena Epifanova, Research Fellow at Center for Order
and Governance in Eastern Europe, Russia, and Central
Asia, German Council on Foreign Relations
Marwa Fatafta, Middle East and North Africa Policy and
Advocacy Director, Access Now
Smitha Krishna Prasad, Fritz Fellow, Georgetown
University Law Center
J. Carlos Lara, independent researcher
Miaan Group
Matt Perault, Director, Center on Technology Policy,
UNC-Chapel Hill
Beatriz Saab, independent researcher
Stephanie Sugars, Senior Reporter, U.S. Press
Freedom Tracker
Danielle Tomson, Researcher Manager, Center for an
Informed Public at the University of Washington
Qiang Xiao, Founder and Editor-in-Chief of China Digital
Times and research scientist at the School of Information,
University of California Berkeley
A NOTE ON ADDITIONAL
SOURCES AND DATA
This report’s main essay, data points, and policy
recommendations were informed by the individual Freedom
on the Net country reports, written by the external report
authors and reviewed by the external advisers who are listed
above. In addition, Freedom House staff conducted desk
research, held one-on-one interviews and group roundtables,
and drew on the important work of various media groups,
civil society organizations, and other experts. Freedom House
extends appreciation to Jamil Assis, William Bird, Cloudflare,
Eve Chiu, Renee DiResta, Dean Jackson, Billion Lee, Zoe Lee,
the Open Observatory of Network Interference, Chris Roper,
Yoel Roth, Vakau, Chihhao Yu, and others who prefer to remain
anonymous. Freedom House also thanks the multistakeholder
group of experts who attended a roundtable on internet
freedom trends, including Matt Bailey, Jon Bateman, Patrick
Day, Kat Duffy, Alyson K. Finley, Jared Ford, Josh A. Goldstein,
Katie Harbath, Matt Perault, Jason Pielemeier, Lisa Poggiali,
Alexandria Walden, Alex Warofka, and Moira Whelan.
Country-specific data and sources used in the report’s essay
can be downloaded at freedomonthenet.org, and each
country report and its relevant footnotes are available at
https://freedomhouse.org/countries/freedom-net/scores.
#FreedomOnTheNet